CTX-001Replication and cohort context
This Japanese follow-up did not find significant increases in the brain and heart tumours being investigated. That limits the consistency of the cancer evidence. Survival differed between exposed and comparison animals, and an equipment failure altered part of the exposure; those details matter when comparing the studies.
Katsumi Imaida · 2026Animals
CTX-002Replication and cohort context
The Korean arm also did not confirm the tumour findings, and its exposed and comparison animals had similar survival. That distinction prevents the Japanese survival issue from becoming an explanation for both results. Interpretation must account for this independent arm while preserving the differences from the original positive experiments.
Hye Sun Kim · 2026Animals
RF-023Retrieval lead
This is a retrieval lead: the title points to changes in a rat brain region involved in memory. The original paper is worth obtaining to examine the exposure and tissue findings together. Only its bibliographic identity is verified here; methods and numerical claims cannot yet support a conclusion about injury.
Bektas et al. · 2026Animals
RF-043Original abstract verified
The abstract reports changes in rat reproductive hormones and testicular tissue, partly reduced by an antioxidant treatment. It offers a chemical-stress hypothesis to verify. Although the frequency was 3.5 GHz, the signal format was GSM, not the format used by 5G networks. Full methods remain unreviewed.
Bektas et al. · 2026Animals
WEB-008Original abstract reviewed
Longer exposure experiments at millimetre-wave frequencies are particularly useful to locate. This study reports several reproductive endpoints that can be examined together.
Gautam et al. · 2026Animals
WEB-009Original text reviewed
Reproductive function involves behaviour and hormones as well as sperm. These observations broaden the endpoints available from one laboratory’s exposure programme.
Hairulazam et al. · 2026Animals
WEB-010Original text reviewed
Fertility questions extend from sperm measurements to mating and offspring. This study followed those outcomes, while its small groups and unblinded assessments remain important to interpretation.
Hairulazam et al. · 2026Animals
WEB-033Original text reviewed
A small damaged area can disappear inside an average taken across a whole sample. This report found that inspecting the exposed tissue revealed local injury that a bulk viability reading could miss. It also investigated how hot, humid surroundings changed the injury threshold.
Ikehata et al. · 2026Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-038Original text reviewed
A tissue can respond without showing visible damage. In young mice, prolonged exposure changed several signals involved in skin immunity and sensory regulation. Those findings deserve follow-up, especially across developmental stages, without turning the measured changes into a diagnosis of inflammatory disease.
Palone et al. · 2026Animals
WEB-039Original abstract reviewed
An effect averaged across a population can miss differences in susceptibility. This recent experiment found that mouse strains responded differently to prolonged exposure, with sperm and testicular changes concentrated in particular groups. The differences are a reason to examine the design and results closely.
Palone et al. · 2026Animals
WEB-041Original abstract reviewed
Pain is an outcome people can recognise directly. This experiment measured when intense local millimetre-wave exposure progressed from warmth to pain, and how responses differed between participants. It provides human threshold information under a specific high-exposure protocol.
Yuasa et al. · 2026People
WEB-050Original text reviewed
Understanding which cells respond, and which do not, is essential when investigating a biological effect. These experiments linked cancer-cell injury to membrane and mitochondrial changes, while the fibroblast comparator remained largely unchanged. The selective response is part of the finding, not a detail to leave out.
Sun et al. · 2026Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-051Original text reviewed
A developmental exposure may need follow-up long after it ends. This experiment examined offspring kidneys six months after prenatal exposure, with one offspring selected from each litter. The reported tissue and DNA findings extend the questions raised by the programme’s earlier reproductive work.
Gelenli Dolanbay et al. · 2026Animals
WEB-052Original abstract reviewed
Peripheral sensory neurons carry information from the body to the nervous system. This study reports that prolonged exposure affected their survival and mitochondrial-apoptotic signalling. It is relevant to investigating neuronal susceptibility, but cannot by itself explain a person’s symptoms.
Bektas et al. · 2026Cells / isolated tissue
RF-021Original text reviewed
Genes help cells respond and carry out their work; measuring which genes are active can reveal a biological response. Repeated exposure to a 5G signal changed gene activity in mouse brain tissue without altering behaviour. The health question is whether those changes have lasting consequences.
Lameth et al. · 2025Animals
RF-022Original text reviewed
This rat study brings reproductive endpoints into research at 3.5 and 24 GHz. It reported changes in sperm function and biological signals in the testes. Yet dose at the animals and reproductive-organ temperature were not measured, preventing a confident separation of RF effects from heating or a comparison with human limits.
Syed Taha et al. · 2025Animals
RF-044Original abstract verified
A study of prenatal exposure looked for reproductive changes in male rats a year after birth. The abstract's delayed findings make follow-up beyond infancy an important question. Original dose information and an analysis accounting for offspring from the same litter remain essential to interpretation.
Dolanbay et al. · 2025Animals
WEB-007Original abstract reviewed
Changes in reproductive tissue can help identify which biological processes warrant investigation. This experiment connects tissue findings with markers of cellular stress.
Yilmaz et al. · 2025Animals
WEB-011Original text reviewed
Knowing the conditions that produce tissue injury is part of understanding an exposure. This carefully characterised experiment relates absorbed power to skin temperature and inflammation.
Ijima et al. · 2025Animals
WEB-012Original abstract reviewed
The eye is an important tissue to examine at higher frequencies. This experiment measures an injury threshold under a defined laboratory exposure.
Kojima et al. · 2025Animals
WEB-047Original text reviewed
Wildlife exposure questions need experiments that measure both the field and the organism’s response. This study did that for mosquito larvae, including larvae on a poorer diet. It found development changes whose interpretation depended on exposure intensity and heating.
De Borre et al. · 2025Wildlife
WEB-048Original text reviewed
A membrane’s physical state affects how it works. This recent experiment measured that state during exposure and compared results at calibrated temperatures. It gives higher-frequency research a concrete cellular endpoint, while leaving the health significance and relevance of the experimental temperatures unresolved.
Hoshina · 2025Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-053Original text reviewed
Microglia help maintain the brain’s cellular environment. This study reported oxidative and apoptotic responses after exposure, then tested a possible protective intervention. The observations are worth locating, although incomplete absorbed-dose reporting prevents a confident comparison with environmental exposure.
Pachhapure et al. · 2025Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-054Original abstract reviewed
Endocrine effects can matter even when an exposure study is framed around a possible protective compound. The exposure-only comparison here reported thyroid hormone and oxidative changes. Those findings can be examined separately from the uncertain benefit of the proposed intervention.
Bektas et al. · 2025Animals
RF-025Original text reviewed
Looking inside rat tumours can help researchers ask how closely the disease resembles human cancer. This paper examines tissues from the Ramazzini animals, so it adds biological detail rather than a new cancer experiment. Its corrected findings do not show that RF caused the mutations.
Brooks et al. · 2024Animals
RF-042Original abstract verified
Skin cells encounter more than one stressor. This study's abstract reports that a 5G signal changed some chemical responses involving ultraviolet light, with different patterns in different cell types. The finding makes combined exposures worth examining; full methods and functional consequences must be checked before drawing a health-protection conclusion.
Patrignoni et al. · 2024Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-002Original text reviewed
Experiments with volunteers can bring exposure questions closer to everyday experience. This blinded study detected small physiological differences that deserve a precise reading and further investigation.
Jamal et al. · 2024People
WEB-006Original abstract reviewed
Reproductive cells provide a direct way to examine DNA integrity. Splitting each donor’s semen between conditions helped this study compare exposed and control material from the same animal.
Butković et al. · 2024Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-013Original text reviewed
Three-dimensional tissue models can reveal biological responses missed by simpler assays. This study examines millimetre waves in tumour tissue, with that therapeutic context kept explicit.
Rampazzo et al. · 2024Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-032Original abstract reviewed
An eye’s response to strong exposure may depend on its surroundings as well as the field itself. This study examined those conditions directly. The injury findings belong in the record, alongside the uncertainty in the additional effect attributed to heat and humidity.
Kojima et al. · 2024Animals
WEB-035Original abstract reviewed
This research did not stop with observing a membrane change: it tested whether supplied genetic material could enter bacteria and function there. It is a concrete biological interaction worth understanding, conducted at intensities far above ambient communications exposure.
Perera et al. · 2024Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-037Original text reviewed
This separate research group also found that microwaves could help substances cross cell membranes. It tested several frequencies and traced uptake directly in living cells. The work strengthens the case for studying the interaction itself, while its specialised high-field conditions remain essential to interpretation.
Milden-Appel et al. · 2024Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-042Original text reviewed
Knowing when someone first notices warmth helps interpret stronger exposure experiments. These measurements show that perception thresholds and their repeatability depend on the exposure level. That is useful human physiology, even though the protocol was far more intense than ordinary environmental fields.
Yuasa et al. · 2024People
WEB-045Original abstract reviewed
Strong radiofrequency exposure can injure tissue, and frequency changes where energy is deposited. These experiments measured burn severity and followed the tissue over time. They supply injury-threshold data, with exposure levels that must remain conspicuous beside the results.
Parker et al. · 2024Animals
WEB-049Original text reviewed
Mitochondria supply energy for much of a cell’s work. This study examined their membranes and function together, reporting structural changes and reduced components of respiration after exposure. It is a useful mechanistic finding to investigate beyond a simple live-or-dead cell count.
Lei et al. · 2024Cells / isolated tissue
ECO-004Original text reviewed
Finding the way home is essential to a foraging bee. After prolonged exposure to a continuously transmitting test signal, fewer bees returned successfully. This gives environmental assessment a functional endpoint beyond brood development or overall survival, which were not significantly changed. It does not establish colony collapse or effects in every Wi-Fi setting.
Treder et al. · 2023Wildlife
RF-011Original text reviewed
The brain's response differed depending on whether participants' eyes were open or closed. Because exposure and sham sessions were blinded, this is a useful objective observation. Whether these brainwave changes affect function remains unresolved; the recording itself does not show injury.
Wallace et al. · 2023People
RF-038Original text reviewed
This study measured semen in young men and found an association between frequent phone use and lower total sperm count. It brings a human reproductive endpoint into the discussion. Because phone use was self-reported and RF dose was unmeasured, it cannot identify radiation as the cause or diagnose infertility.
Rahban et al. · 2023People
SF-004Retrieval lead
This retrieval lead asks a practical question: whether entering a strong MRI magnet more slowly reduces dizziness and involuntary eye movements. Those eye movements are called nystagmus. Full methods and results need review before any clinical recommendation, but the proposed link between movement and symptoms is directly testable.
Pogson et al. · 2023People
WEB-001Original text reviewed
Understanding how new signals interact with living cells starts with measured responses. This experiment found selected changes in stress signalling, with substantial variation across conditions that makes the finding a lead for follow-up.
Joushomme et al. · 2023Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-015Original text reviewed
Comparing human and animal cells can reveal differences in susceptibility. This experiment investigates proliferation, DNA-damage markers and cell death at a precisely identified sub-terahertz frequency.
Wang et al. · 2023Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-055Original text reviewed
Recording during exposure can reveal a temporary response that disappears afterwards. This experiment found such inhibition in neuronal cultures at its highest exposure level. Its lower-dose results and heating comparison help define the conditions under which that finding belongs in the discussion.
Canovi et al. · 2023Cells / isolated tissue
ECO-007Original text reviewed
A later study in another bird species found disrupted magnetic-compass orientation at 75-85 MHz. It extends the programme to a different frequency band and functional test. Whether such exposure affects wild populations remains unanswered, and this related laboratory programme is not independent confirmation across research groups.
Leberecht et al. · 2022Wildlife
RF-035Original text reviewed
Cells given prolonged, high-dose laboratory exposure later formed tumours when transplanted into mice with weakened immune defences. This is a consequential endpoint to investigate. One assay used a tumour-promoting chemical, and unclear cell histories prevent an RF-alone claim. The recipient mice were not RF-exposed.
Ding et al. · 2022Cells / isolated tissue
RF-037Original text reviewed
An inflammatory challenge changed how rats' hearing-related brain cells responded to LTE exposure. In the challenged animals, sound responses weakened and stronger sounds were needed to evoke them. This gives susceptibility a concrete experimental form; recordings from anaesthetised rats do not establish hearing loss in people.
Souffi et al. · 2022Animals
WEB-004Original text reviewed
A developmental response matters more when researchers follow it into later life. This follow-up examined molecular changes and adult behaviour after exposure early in development.
Dasgupta et al. · 2022Animals
WEB-028Original text reviewed
Skin cells do more than form a barrier: they maintain and repair the tissue around them. This experiment found changes in that work after repeated 60 GHz exposure. It gives us specific molecular responses to investigate, while leaving open whether they persist or matter at lower exposures.
Lawler et al. · 2022Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-034Original text reviewed
The cell membrane controls what enters a cell. Here, microscopy followed particles that crossed it after 18 GHz exposure. The finding helps explain a continuing line of membrane research, although the surviving cells showed no significant impairment in the functions measured.
Tharushi Perera et al. · 2022Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-040Original text reviewed
Skin pigmentation is a regulated biological process, not simply a cosmetic feature. This experiment found that exposure changed stimulated pigment production in cell and reconstructed-skin models. It adds a measurable response to investigate; whether the change has harmful consequences was not tested.
Kim et al. · 2022Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-005Original abstract reviewed
Sleep and biological timing are functions shared across living systems. This experiment offers an insect model for investigating how exposure duration can change the response.
Wang et al. · 2021Wildlife
WEB-014Original text reviewed
Molecular experiments help identify how a higher-frequency field might interact with cells. This study links gene-expression changes to a measured transcription-factor response.
Shang et al. · 2021Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-017Original abstract reviewed
Tissue condition changes how energy is absorbed. This experiment observes drying of the eye surface during a high-power exposure, alongside measurements intended to improve dosimetry.
Mizuno et al. · 2021Animals
WEB-036Original text reviewed
A simplified membrane can help researchers ask whether a response requires the machinery of a living cell. These lipid vesicles admitted particles after exposure. Their simplicity is useful for mechanism research, but also limits what they can tell us about health.
Tharushi Perera et al. · 2021Membrane model / simulation
WEB-046Original abstract reviewed
Repeated exposure allows researchers to look beyond an immediate reaction. This rat study found skin stress and inflammatory changes after a month of exposure, together with measurable warming. It extends the microwave skin literature without establishing an effect specific to satellite signals.
Verma et al. · 2021Animals
CTX-003Replication and cohort context
Researchers tested whether RF increased an early form of chemical damage to fetal DNA after a cancer-causing chemical. They did not find the proposed increase. That result limits one explanation of the tumour-promotion findings; it does not repeat the lifetime cancer experiments or settle every possible mechanism.
Alexander Lerchl · 2020Animals
RF-005Original text reviewed
DNA carries the instructions cells need to function. This NTP experiment found more DNA damage in particular rodent tissues using one test, while another test was negative. Whether these changes persist and help explain disease remains important. This shared programme is distinct from independent confirmation.
Smith-Roe et al. · 2020Animals
RF-009Original text reviewed
Human cells grown in the laboratory showed chemical stress and multiplied less readily during prolonged LTE exposure. They also showed signs of senescence, a state of arrested cell growth. Whether such responses can impair normal tissue function remains unresolved; the study did not demonstrate disease in people.
Choi and Min et al. · 2020Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-003Original text reviewed
Developmental experiments can reveal changes that broad measures of growth miss. Here a modest behavioural response changed even though survival and visible development were unaffected.
Dasgupta et al. · 2020Animals
WEB-043Original text reviewed
A short exposure was followed by observations over two weeks, rather than a single immediate measurement. The researchers reported lasting changes in cancer-cell shape and growth. This is biological research within a radar-related frequency range, although it used a broad sweep rather than a car radar signal.
Komoshvili et al. · 2020Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-044Original text reviewed
Different cell types need not respond alike. This study followed the earlier morphology work with measurements of cell death and senescence, including a non-tumour cell comparator. That comparison is central to what the findings can—and cannot—tell us about biological susceptibility.
Komoshvili et al. · 2020Cells / isolated tissue
ECO-003Original text reviewed
Fewer queen larvae reached hatching in the exposed group. Because queen development is central to a bee colony, this is a meaningful outcome for environmental assessment. Only two pairs of rearing colonies were studied under an unusual handset-exposure arrangement; the result cannot establish a cause of wider colony losses.
Odemer and Odemer · 2019Wildlife
RF-007Original text reviewed
This experiment moved beyond sperm in a dish: mice received whole-body exposure for weeks. Their sperm showed functional and DNA damage, yet fertilisation and early embryo development were not impaired. That combination makes sperm injury worth examining carefully without treating it as demonstrated infertility.
Houston et al. · 2019Animals
RF-036Original text reviewed
Early development is a period when lasting changes deserve particular attention. Mice exposed before and shortly after birth later behaved differently in several activity measures. The directions varied between exposure groups and the samples were small. Their significance for developmental function remains uncertain; they do not establish a human diagnosis.
Broom et al. · 2019Animals
WEB-029Original text reviewed
What a cell releases can reveal responses that a gene-expression assay misses. These researchers found marked changes outside exposed skin cells and proposed altered membrane permeability as an explanation. That explanation remains a hypothesis, with an important difference in the timing of the controls.
Le Pogam et al. · 2019Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-030Original text reviewed
Sensory nerve endings help an organism detect potentially harmful conditions. In isolated leech neurons, intense millimetre waves changed the threshold for nerve firing differently from direct heating. The experiment offers a mechanism to examine; it does not establish the cause of symptoms in people.
Romanenko et al. · 2019Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-031Original text reviewed
An average temperature can conceal brief peaks. In this cancer-cell experiment, pulsed heating produced a stronger response than continuous heating with the same average temperature rise. It illustrates why exposure timing belongs beside intensity when interpreting an experiment.
Orlacchio et al. · 2019Cells / isolated tissue
RF-001Original text reviewed
Male rats developed malignant tumours in cells that support nerves in the heart. The US government's finding raises a concrete question about long-term cancer protection. Translating this animal hazard to human exposure needs careful assessment; the experiment does not measure anyone's personal cancer risk.
National Toxicology Program · 2018Animals
RF-002Original text reviewed
A separate lifetime study found more of the same rare heart tumour in male rats at its highest exposure. That convergence deserves attention when considering cancer protection, even though the experiments differed and shared pathology expertise. The finding cannot establish a safe or unsafe human exposure level.
Falcioni et al. · 2018Animals
RF-008Original text reviewed
Sperm at different stages did not respond alike. In mature mouse sperm, one DNA test changed temporarily and movement declined, while another DNA test was negative. For health protection, the important question is which responses persist and affect reproduction under realistic conditions, rather than whether any laboratory marker changes.
Houston et al. · 2018Cells / isolated tissue
RF-033Original text reviewed
This study followed adolescents and measured changes in memory rather than asking only how much they used phones. A negative association appeared in the subgroup with operator records, while the full-sample estimate was not significant. Developmental function matters; this qualified pattern deserves independent scrutiny.
Foerster et al. · 2018People
WEB-022Original text reviewed
Frequency-specific injury measurements help define what an experiment actually establishes. This work follows the course of corneal damage and recovery at three millimetre-wave frequencies.
Kojima et al. · 2018Animals
ELF-004Editorial notice flagged
The reported miscarriage association concerns power-frequency magnetic fields, not wireless RF. An editorial Expression of Concern states that participant consent did not allow data sharing, limiting independent reanalysis. This is not a retraction, but the restriction affects how much weight the finding can carry.
Li et al. · 2017People
IF-001Original text reviewed
The higher-exposure mice had difficulty learning and retaining parts of a task in this intermediate-frequency experiment. These functional findings give the assessment a different focus from isolated cell markers. Equipment problems forced a separate high-exposure cohort, so a carefully matched repeat is needed before applying the result to public exposures.
Kumari et al. · 2017Animals
WEB-027Original text reviewed
A change in membrane transport is a biological response worth understanding. This experiment tested that response in red blood cells, with matched heating controls.
Nguyen et al. · 2017Cells / isolated tissue
ECO-002Retrieval lead
Tree-crown damage is a visible ecological endpoint, and this retrieval lead describes its spatial relationship with measured RF fields. The observation deserves examination alongside other causes of tree damage. Original methods and comparison sites remain unreviewed here, so the paper's causal title is not adopted as a verified conclusion.
Waldmann-Selsam et al. · 2016Wildlife
ECO-006Original text reviewed
Migratory songbirds can use the Earth's magnetic field as a compass. In this blinded experiment, electromagnetic noise disrupted that orientation. It asks environmental assessors to consider sensory function. These were laboratory tests with kilohertz-to-megahertz noise, not a study of migration losses or an experiment with GHz phone signals.
Schwarze et al. · 2016Wildlife
ELF-009Original text reviewed
Rats given both a power-frequency magnetic field and a small gamma-radiation dose developed more of some cancers than rats receiving gamma radiation alone. It makes combined exposures worth examining. The comparison matters: the heart-tumour result was not significant against gamma-only animals, and this was not an RF experiment.
Soffritti et al. · 2016Animals
RF-031Original abstract verified
This follow-up used pulsed signals and reported different patterns by sex and frequency in how much blood-borne dye entered brain tissue. It helps define more specific experiments on the brain's protective barrier. Dose and temperature details remain unverified, limiting what the findings reveal about relevant exposure conditions.
Sırav and Seyhan · 2016Animals
WEB-026Original text reviewed
Membrane experiments can reveal physical interactions with cells. This work reports uptake of material that normally does not cross the membrane, under unusually intense laboratory exposure.
Nguyen et al. · 2016Cells / isolated tissue
RF-003Original text reviewed
In mice given a cancer-causing chemical, some RF-exposed groups developed more tumours. The study raises a health-protection question about combined exposures and susceptibility: could the response depend on an existing biological vulnerability? It cannot show what RF alone would do, and the pattern did not rise steadily with dose.
Lerchl et al. · 2015Animals
RF-034Original abstract verified
This Chinese experiment reports memory-task difficulty alongside tissue and brain-barrier changes in rats. That combination is worth examining across independent programmes. Only the original abstract has been verified here; the whole-body and local head doses differ sharply and must remain separate when considering relevance.
Tang et al. · 2015Animals
RF-040Original text reviewed
More sperm cells entered programmed cell death in exposed rats, alongside chemical-stress changes. That makes cell survival a reproductive-protection question for a laboratory outside the Newcastle programme. The study did not test fertility, and a separate sperm-count result has a reporting inconsistency that should be clarified.
Liu et al. · 2015Animals
RF-014Original text reviewed
People reporting the heaviest lifetime phone use had higher odds of two types of diagnosed brain tumour in this French study. Regular use overall showed no significant association. Better exposure histories could help clarify the heavy-use finding, because memory and participation biases can distort such comparisons.
Coureau et al. · 2014People
RF-019Original text reviewed
By dividing each semen sample, researchers compared exposed and control portions from the same donor. They reported poorer forward movement and more fragmented sperm DNA after exposure. That design is useful for investigating sperm function, but different temperature-controlled chambers and unmeasured sample dose leave important alternative explanations.
Gorpinchenko et al. · 2014Cells / isolated tissue
SF-001Retrieval lead
This retrieval lead concerns temporary balance effects around a very strong MRI magnet. Such effects could matter to the experience of a scan and to work near scanners. The original experiment still needs review; an MRI static field is physically different from a phone or Wi-Fi signal.
Theysohn et al. · 2014People
SF-003Retrieval lead
This retrieval lead raises a specific question about whether women and men experience MRI-related dizziness differently. Understanding any reproducible difference could help assessments account for individual susceptibility. The original experiment must be checked before treating the title's claim as established or generalising it to other electromagnetic exposures.
Heinrich et al. · 2014People
RF-032Original text reviewed
A good night's sleep is something people value for how they function the next day. Under this study's unusual pulsed exposure, young men slept slightly less and showed less overnight improvement on one tapping-task measure. That functional result deserves independent testing; it does not establish a sleep disorder.
Lustenberger et al. · 2013People
RF-039Original text reviewed
In laboratory cultures, a DNA-related signal changed in two cell types, while additional tests did not find corresponding sustained damage or loss of function. This study helps distinguish an early cellular response from an adverse outcome, and shows why several complementary tests are needed before interpreting a positive marker.
Xu et al. · 2013Cells / isolated tissue
RF-045Original abstract verified
DNA's chemical building blocks can be damaged even when a test for broken strands is negative. The abstract reports this distinction in a laboratory line of mouse reproductive cells. It points to a damage pathway for verification; full exposure controls and evidence about reproductive function remain missing.
Liu et al. · 2013Animals
WEB-025Original abstract reviewed
Tissue structure, hormones and DNA assays offer different views of reproductive effects. This record keeps those observations together and makes its connection to earlier work visible.
Kumar et al. · 2013Animals
RF-041Original text reviewed
After exposure during pregnancy, mouse offspring showed altered activity and object recognition. Developmental outcomes deserve attention, but the experiment did not measure how much RF energy the mothers or fetuses absorbed. Its published hormone correction is retained; these results do not establish ADHD or a human prenatal risk level.
Aldad et al. · 2012Animals
WEB-019Original abstract reviewed
A useful research record also shows how a finding was selected. Five gene responses were confirmed after exploratory screening, while the genome-wide corrected analysis found no significant change.
Le Quément et al. · 2012Cells / isolated tissue
ELF-007Original text reviewed
Symptoms deserve careful investigation even when they are difficult to explain. This blinded challenge recorded one person's responses to a power-frequency electric field. Its value is a testable individual observation; it does not tell us how common such responses are or establish a diagnosis for other people.
McCarty et al. · 2011People
RF-030Original abstract verified
A separate laboratory reported a change in passage from blood into brain tissue in male rats, with no corresponding finding in females. This suggests a question about biological differences worth testing directly. The abstract does not establish a statistical difference between sexes, and full methods remain to be checked.
Sırav and Seyhan · 2011Animals
RF-048Original abstract verified
People working near radar bring a different exposure setting into the evidence. This study's abstract reports more DNA-related and chemical-stress markers in exposed workers. Personal dose histories and other workplace exposures still need examination; these measurements alone do not show that RF caused disease or that limits were exceeded.
Garaj-Vrhovac et al. · 2011People
RF-049Original text reviewed
A brain scan detected increased glucose use in the region nearest the active phone's antenna in a blinded human experiment. Glucose use measures brain metabolism, so this provides evidence of an objective response under that protocol. Whether the response affects health or function remains unresolved; the scan did not demonstrate injury.
Volkow et al. · 2011People
WEB-016Original text reviewed
Earlier terahertz experiments can reveal mechanisms worth following. This work belongs in that history, with its much higher frequencies made visible so readers can judge its relevance.
Alexandrov et al. · 2011Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-021Original text reviewed
Frequency-matched experiments are useful starting points for radar questions. This conference paper identifies eye effects at high power in the automotive-radar frequency region.
Kojima et al. · 2011Animals
WEB-023Original abstract reviewed
Repeated microwave exposure has been examined through reproductive-cell endpoints. This study is useful to retrieve with its laboratory conditions and research lineage clearly identified.
Kumar et al. · 2011Animals
ECO-005Original abstract verified
The reported effects concern fly reproduction, a meaningful outcome for an organism, rather than a cell marker alone. Main-study methods still need checking. A published correction fixes figure labels and must accompany the paper; it does not by itself establish or invalidate the reported reproductive effect.
Panagopoulos et al. · 2010Wildlife
RF-004Original text reviewed
The lung findings helped prompt the later experiment in RF-003 . They matter because protecting health includes understanding how exposures act together. Evidence of infection complicated interpretation of the liver results, so the strongest point here is the lung-cancer comparison in chemically treated mice.
Tillmann et al. · 2010Animals
RF-015Original abstract verified
The highest reported call-time group had elevated odds of glioma, a type of brain tumour, in this international study. The authors could not interpret that association as causal because of bias and reporting errors. It highlights why the heaviest-use histories need close scrutiny and better exposure verification.
INTERPHONE Study Group · 2010People
RF-046Original abstract verified
Mitochondria supply cells with energy and contain their own DNA. In rat nerve cells grown in the laboratory, the abstract reports changes in that DNA after RF exposure. It identifies a possible dysfunction pathway; incomplete methods and temperature information prevent a conclusion about neurological harm in people.
Xu et al. · 2010Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-024Original abstract reviewed
Genetic-damage markers and antioxidant responses can help identify effects worth investigating. This older study supplies specific microwave conditions and should be read alongside its related publications.
Kumar et al. · 2010Animals
CTX-006Replication and cohort context
An independent laboratory did not confirm Salford's reported brain-tissue changes. The exposure range and tissue staining were not identical, so the comparison needs care. It keeps reproducibility central. A common blinded protocol could help clarify the difference before conclusions about harmful exposure levels.
Masuda et al. · 2009Animals
ELF-005Retrieval lead
This retrieval lead links a long residential history with a reported dementia-mortality association. Its particular question is whether duration matters, rather than only where someone lives at one moment. Original analyses and overlapping cohorts still need checking; proximity alone cannot establish what caused an individual's illness.
Huss et al. · 2009People
RF-006Original text reviewed
Movement and DNA integrity matter to sperm function. This laboratory study of isolated human sperm reported impaired movement and survival, with DNA damage at higher exposures. It identifies specific reproductive endpoints worth examining, while leaving open whether comparable injury occurs in the body or affects fertility.
De Iuliis et al. · 2009Cells / isolated tissue
RF-017Retrieval lead
This pilot study may help compare how sperm samples behave near an active phone. The original methods still need retrieval, so its reported changes remain a lead, not verified evidence in this package. A device's exposure rating does not establish the dose received by a semen sample.
Agarwal et al. · 2009Cells / isolated tissue
RF-018Original text reviewed
A separate laboratory reported poorer sperm movement in exposed rats, alongside signs of chemical stress in reproductive tissues. This broadens the reproductive question beyond one research group. Small samples, separate exposure rooms and missing dose measurements limit conclusions about the cause or relevance to human exposure.
Mailankot et al. · 2009Animals
RF-028Original text reviewed
Researchers detected a blood protein outside brain vessels a week after exposure, suggesting altered control of passage into brain tissue. They did not find an increase in dark-staining nerve cells. The question is whether the reported barrier change is reproducible and has consequences for brain function.
Nittby et al. · 2009Animals
CTX-005Replication and cohort context
These are the same rats used for the memory paper RF-029 . Their brain-tissue examination did not demonstrate neuronal injury. Reading both papers together prevents a memory-test result from becoming an unsupported claim of brain-cell loss, and prevents one experiment from being counted twice.
Grafström et al. · 2008Animals
RF-016Editorial notice flagged
This paper carries an editorial Expression of Concern. Its reported cell-DNA findings therefore cannot serve as a firm foundation for a health claim here. The record keeps the result and warning together so readers can inspect the publication history; the notice's full explanation was not obtained.
Schwarz et al. · 2008Cells / isolated tissue
RF-027Original abstract verified
The blood-brain barrier normally controls what passes from the bloodstream into brain tissue. This follow-up reported leakage and nerve-cell changes at different times after exposure. It makes the timing of tissue examinations important; the abstract alone cannot show which individual exposure levels drove each result.
Eberhardt et al. · 2008Animals
RF-029Original abstract verified
Remembering the order of events is a specific mental function. Exposed rats performed less well on an object-order task after a long exposure programme, although other tests were unchanged. Tissue examination of the same animals did not demonstrate neuronal injury, so the behavioural finding needs its own explanation.
Nittby et al. · 2008Animals
CTX-004Replication and cohort context
An independent attempt did not reproduce the lymphoma increase seen in genetically susceptible mice. This keeps a striking original finding from being presented as a settled susceptibility effect. Differences in dose and restraint need comparison, but they cannot simply be assumed to explain the failure to replicate.
Germano Oberto · 2007Animals
ECO-001Retrieval lead
This retrieval lead concerns whether house-sparrow abundance varies with measured base-station fields. It brings free-living wildlife into the assessment, where habitat and other local conditions can also shape results. The original design and analyses need checking before an observed association can support a causal ecological claim.
Everaert and Bauwens · 2007Wildlife
RF-010Original text reviewed
Electrical recordings can reveal brain responses that a person may not feel. In this small blinded study, the clearest sleep-brainwave change occurred at the higher exposure; sleep structure was unchanged. Its contribution is a measurable response whose significance for sleep and health still needs to be established.
Regel et al. · 2007People
RF-013Original text reviewed
A study of people's homes linked higher estimated base-station fields with more reported headaches, even after adjustment for concern about exposure. This is a reason to investigate symptoms with repeated measurements over time. A single household visit cannot establish whether RF caused the headaches or identify a symptom threshold.
Hutter et al. · 2006People
SF-002Retrieval lead
Work near an MRI scanner raises a question about movement through the field as well as field strength. This human-experiment retrieval lead concerns short-term performance. Its original methods and results still need verification before it can inform workplace practice; it does not assess mobile-phone exposure.
de Vocht et al. · 2006People
WEB-020Original abstract reviewed
Biological responses can depend on the condition of the organism. This study examined how exposure changed selected immune functions during recovery from a drug-induced suppression.
Makar et al. · 2006Animals
ELF-002Retrieval lead
This retrieval lead concerns childhood leukaemia and the distance between a birth address and high-voltage lines. Location is easy to describe, but it does not tell us the magnetic field a child experienced. The original analyses need checking before this observation can inform a protection assessment.
Draper et al. · 2005People
RF-047Original abstract verified
An earlier Newcastle experiment reported changes in selected DNA targets in exposed mice without changes in sperm function. It helps trace how the later reproductive studies developed. The full methods still need review, and several papers from this group must not be mistaken for several independent laboratory confirmations.
AITKEN et al. · 2005Animals
ELF-010Original abstract verified
The abstract reports DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells after prolonged power-frequency magnetic-field exposure, with several chemical interventions blocking the response. It suggests a pathway to test, rather than a settled explanation of harm. Full methods and independent replication remain to be assessed, separately from radiofrequency studies.
Lai and Singh · 2004Animals
RF-020Original text reviewed
When brain tissue was examined weeks after a two-hour RF exposure, a blinded examiner found higher scores for dark-staining nerve cells in some rat groups. This makes delayed tissue changes worth examining. The lowest dose was nonsignificant and independent replication did not confirm the result; permanent human injury was not established.
Salford et al. · 2003Animals
ELF-003Retrieval lead
This retrieval lead asks whether short peaks in magnetic-field exposure during pregnancy relate to miscarriage. The reported association used the maximum reading rather than the daily average. Checking the original measurement-day selection and analyses is essential before drawing a health conclusion from such a sensitive outcome.
Li et al. · 2002People
ELF-008Retrieval lead
This retrieval lead suggests that switching a power-frequency magnetic field on and off may produce a different cell response from continuous exposure. That distinction could matter to experimental design. The original methods and publication history still need review before the reported DNA-test result can carry a health-protection claim.
Ivancsits et al. · 2002Cells / isolated tissue
RF-012Original abstract verified
The way a radio signal is delivered may matter as well as its frequency. This human study's abstract reports different brainwave responses to pulsed and continuous signals, alongside blood-flow changes. Full methods still need review before drawing dose conclusions; the observation points to waveform as a health-assessment question.
Huber et al. · 2002People
WEB-018Original abstract reviewed
Skin cells are directly relevant to superficial millimetre-wave absorption. This experiment found a selective cytokine response among several unchanged cell functions.
Szabo et al. · 2001Cells / isolated tissue
RF-024Original abstract verified
These mice were genetically prone to lymphoma, a cancer of immune cells. The reported increase makes inherited susceptibility a serious question, but later experiments did not reproduce it under their different protocols. That history limits what this model can tell us about who might be especially vulnerable.
Repacholi et al. · 1997Animals
RF-051Original abstract verified
A follow-up reported breaks affecting one or both strands of DNA in rat brain cells after exposure. It broadens the laboratory endpoint examined in RF-050 , while remaining part of the same research programme. Full assay controls and replication history remain necessary before treating this as confirmed injury.
Lai and Singh · 1996Animals
RF-050Original abstract verified
Some DNA effects may be missed if researchers look only immediately after exposure. This rat study's abstract reported a delayed increase in single-strand breaks after pulsed microwaves. Full methods and replication comparisons remain unfinished, so its contribution is a defined timing question rather than an established human hazard.
Lai and Singh · 1995Animals
ELF-001Retrieval lead
A report about childhood leukaemia deserves careful attention, particularly when it concerns where children live. This Swedish power-line study remains a retrieval lead here: the original exposure estimates and results need checking. It concerns power-frequency magnetic fields, a different exposure from mobile-phone signals.
Feychting and Ahlbom · 1993People
ELF-006Retrieval lead
Rats exposed to a cancer-causing chemical reportedly developed more and larger mammary tumours under a power-frequency magnetic field. This remains a retrieval lead. It may help examine combined exposures, provided the original results and follow-up experiments are checked and related Hannover publications are not counted as independent laboratories.
Loscher et al. · 1993Animals
RF-026Original text reviewed
An older, long-running rat experiment found more animals with malignant tumours when different cancer types were combined. No single tumour site or overall tumour total increased significantly. Its value is historical evidence for a fresh look at the underlying pathology, without calling it another confirmation of the heart-tumour finding.
Chou et al. · 1992Animals