WEB-042Original text reviewed
28 GHz: warmth perception varies with exposure intensity
The reported finding
Mean detectable temperature changes were about 0.2°C at 27 mW/cm² and 0.9–1.0°C at 126–399 mW/cm². Reliability varied by intensity.
Reading it carefully
Thermal perception, not a demonstrated injury endpoint. Small healthy-adult sample; repeated-session thresholds do not establish effects of low-level exposure or scanner use.
Inside the study
Technology connection
Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms. High-intensity 28 GHz laboratory threshold research; not measurements of health outcomes in screened passengers or airport staff.
Publication type
Original journal research
Exposure conditions
28 GHz to the fingertip; incident densities 27–399 mW/cm²; two measurement sessions on the same day.
Design & controls
Twenty healthy adults; skin thermometry and subjective thermal sensation, with repeatability analysis.
Statistics
See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.
Related research & shared cohorts
Companion human-sensation programme to the 2026 pain-threshold paper. Related publication records: WEB-041.
The protection question raised
Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?
Source verification
Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.
Where to find the result
Original methods and results
Editorial notices
Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.
Funding
See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.
Conflicts of interest
A disclosure statement is present in the original article; consult it for the declared relationships.
Original publication
Akiko Yuasa; Shintaro Uehara; Kazuki Ushizawa; Sachiko Kodera; Norika Arai; Akimasa Hirata; Yohei Otaka. The thermal sensation threshold and its reliability induced by the exposure to 28 GHz millimeter-wave. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2024. doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1331416.