WEB-009Original text reviewed

Sexual behaviour and hormone differences in a 3.5/24 GHz rat study

Hairulazam et al. · 2026 · International journal of molecular sciences

The reported finding

Selected mating latencies/frequencies and testosterone/oestrogen measures differed by frequency; androgen-receptor expression was unchanged.

Reading it carefully

Exploratory outcomes without prespecified primary endpoint or multiplicity correction. Small groups; overlap with related UKM publications unresolved. Transmitter power is not absorbed dose.

Inside the study

Technology connection

Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.

Publication type

Original journal research

Exposure conditions

3.5 or 24 GHz; 7 h/day for 60 days. 24 GHz source: commercial presence detector; no demonstrated NR signal.

Design & controls

18 male rats, six per sham/3.5/24 GHz group; mating behaviour, serum hormones and androgen receptors.

Statistics

See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.

Related research & shared cohorts

UKM research cluster with RF-022 and WEB-010; do not count as independent replications.

The protection question raised

Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?

Source verification

Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.

Where to find the result

Original results/methods sections

Editorial notices

Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.

Funding

Faculty of Medicine Fundamental Grant (GFFP) Faculty of Medicine, UKM FF-2023-176 Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) https://ror.org/05mcs2t73 FRGS/1/2022/SKK06/UKM/03/2 This study was supported by the Faculty of Medicine Fundamental Grant (GFFP), Faculty of Medicine, UKM, under the grant number FF-2023-176. This work was also supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), grant number FRGS/1/2022/SKK06/UKM/03/2, funded by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia.

Conflicts of interest

Disclosure statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.

Original publication

Atikah Hairulazam; Siti Fatimah Ibrahim; Khairul Osman; Mohd Helmy Mokhtar; Aini Farzana Zulkefli; Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros; Norazurashima Jamaludin; Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha; Sivasatyan Vijay; Zahriladha Zakaria; Amyrul Azuan Mohd Bahar; Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar. Differential Effects of 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz 5G Radiofrequency Exposure on Male Sexual Behaviour and Reproductive Endocrine Function in Rats. International journal of molecular sciences. 2026. doi:10.3390/ijms27167102.

Plain-text record