WEB-010Original text reviewed

Sperm and offspring outcomes in a 3.5/24 GHz rat experiment

Hairulazam et al. · 2026 · The Indian journal of medical research

The reported finding

Sperm concentration/motility decreased; selected pregnancy, live-birth, congenital-anomaly and birth-weight differences were reported.

Reading it carefully

Small groups; 24 GHz pregnancy difference involved one pregnancy; viability unchanged. Shared-cohort provenance with the UKM series unresolved; these findings do not establish effects from deployed 5G.

Inside the study

Technology connection

Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.

Publication type

Original journal research

Exposure conditions

3.5 or 24 GHz; 7 h/day for 60 days. 3.5 GHz antenna and 24 GHz presence detector; no verified NR waveform.

Design & controls

18 male rats, six per group; 18 females for mating after day 46; sperm and pregnancy/birth observations. No blinding.

Statistics

See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.

Related research & shared cohorts

UKM cluster with RF-022 and WEB-009; possible overlapping animals/protocols.

The protection question raised

Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?

Source verification

Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.

Where to find the result

Original results/methods sections

Editorial notices

Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.

Funding

Funding statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.

Conflicts of interest

Conflicts of Interest None.

Original publication

Atikah Hairulazam; Siti Fatimah Ibrahim; Khairul Osman; Mohd Helmy Mokhtar; Aini Farzana Zulkeﬂi; Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros; Norazurashima Jamaludin; Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha; Sivasatyan Vijay; Zahriladha Zakaria; Amyrul Azuan Mohd Bahar; Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar. Effects of 5G frequencies on sperm parameters, mating success, and offspring outcomes in rats. The Indian journal of medical research. 2026. doi:10.25259/ijmr_3658_2025.

Plain-text record