Authors report frequency/duration-specific sperm-function, cytokine and apoptosis-gene changes.
Reading it carefully
The methods explicitly state that animal-position SAR/power density and scrotal/core temperatures were not measured. No below-limit or nonthermal attribution is justified. Original methods describe a 24–24.25 GHz presence-detector module, not demonstrated 5G NR traffic. Transmitter output/EIRP is not animal absorbed dose.
Inside the study
Exposure conditions
3.5 or 24 GHz; one or seven hours/day for 60 days.
Design & controls
Six rat groups, n=6 per group, including corresponding controls.
Related research & shared cohorts
UKM research programme with WEB-009 and WEB-010. Overlapping methods/authors warrant treating publications as a cluster; animal/cohort independence is not established.
The protection question raised
Can the reported reproductive effects be separated from heating and quantified exposure? Without verified absorbed dose or organ temperature, neither a nonthermal mechanism nor harm under human-limit conditions follows.
Source verification
Full indexed article body reviewed
Where to find the result
Exposure Experimental Setup; Conclusions
Editorial notices
Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.
Funding
Not established from retrieved material.
Conflicts of interest
Not established from retrieved material.
Reviews to read alongside
Related syntheses and proposals in the separate review collection. These are topical reading links, not additional independent experiments.
Syed Taha SMA, Jaffar FHF, Hairulazam A, Vijay S, Jamaludin N, Zulkifli AF, Mat Ros MF, Osman K, Zakaria Z, Mohd Bahar MAA, Ibrahim SF. Prolonged 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF Exposure Alters Testicular Immune Balance, Apoptotic Gene Expression, and Sperm Function in Rats. Biomedicines. 2025;13(10):2471. doi:10.3390/biomedicines13102471.