RF-023Retrieval lead
This is a retrieval lead: the title points to changes in a rat brain region involved in memory. The original paper is worth obtaining to examine the exposure and tissue findings together. Only its bibliographic identity is verified here; methods and numerical claims cannot yet support a conclusion about injury.
Bektas et al. · 2026Animals
WEB-041Original abstract reviewed
Pain is an outcome people can recognise directly. This experiment measured when intense local millimetre-wave exposure progressed from warmth to pain, and how responses differed between participants. It provides human threshold information under a specific high-exposure protocol.
Yuasa et al. · 2026People
WEB-052Original abstract reviewed
Peripheral sensory neurons carry information from the body to the nervous system. This study reports that prolonged exposure affected their survival and mitochondrial-apoptotic signalling. It is relevant to investigating neuronal susceptibility, but cannot by itself explain a person’s symptoms.
Bektas et al. · 2026Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-053Original text reviewed
Microglia help maintain the brain’s cellular environment. This study reported oxidative and apoptotic responses after exposure, then tested a possible protective intervention. The observations are worth locating, although incomplete absorbed-dose reporting prevents a confident comparison with environmental exposure.
Pachhapure et al. · 2025Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-002Original text reviewed
Experiments with volunteers can bring exposure questions closer to everyday experience. This blinded study detected small physiological differences that deserve a precise reading and further investigation.
Jamal et al. · 2024People
WEB-042Original text reviewed
Knowing when someone first notices warmth helps interpret stronger exposure experiments. These measurements show that perception thresholds and their repeatability depend on the exposure level. That is useful human physiology, even though the protocol was far more intense than ordinary environmental fields.
Yuasa et al. · 2024People
WEB-049Original text reviewed
Mitochondria supply energy for much of a cell’s work. This study examined their membranes and function together, reporting structural changes and reduced components of respiration after exposure. It is a useful mechanistic finding to investigate beyond a simple live-or-dead cell count.
Lei et al. · 2024Cells / isolated tissue
RF-011Original text reviewed
The brain's response differed depending on whether participants' eyes were open or closed. Because exposure and sham sessions were blinded, this is a useful objective observation. Whether these brainwave changes affect function remains unresolved; the recording itself does not show injury.
Wallace et al. · 2023People
WEB-015Original text reviewed
Comparing human and animal cells can reveal differences in susceptibility. This experiment investigates proliferation, DNA-damage markers and cell death at a precisely identified sub-terahertz frequency.
Wang et al. · 2023Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-055Original text reviewed
Recording during exposure can reveal a temporary response that disappears afterwards. This experiment found such inhibition in neuronal cultures at its highest exposure level. Its lower-dose results and heating comparison help define the conditions under which that finding belongs in the discussion.
Canovi et al. · 2023Cells / isolated tissue
RF-037Original text reviewed
An inflammatory challenge changed how rats' hearing-related brain cells responded to LTE exposure. In the challenged animals, sound responses weakened and stronger sounds were needed to evoke them. This gives susceptibility a concrete experimental form; recordings from anaesthetised rats do not establish hearing loss in people.
Souffi et al. · 2022Animals
WEB-004Original text reviewed
A developmental response matters more when researchers follow it into later life. This follow-up examined molecular changes and adult behaviour after exposure early in development.
Dasgupta et al. · 2022Animals
WEB-005Original abstract reviewed
Sleep and biological timing are functions shared across living systems. This experiment offers an insect model for investigating how exposure duration can change the response.
Wang et al. · 2021Wildlife
WEB-014Original text reviewed
Molecular experiments help identify how a higher-frequency field might interact with cells. This study links gene-expression changes to a measured transcription-factor response.
Shang et al. · 2021Cells / isolated tissue
WEB-003Original text reviewed
Developmental experiments can reveal changes that broad measures of growth miss. Here a modest behavioural response changed even though survival and visible development were unaffected.
Dasgupta et al. · 2020Animals
RF-036Original text reviewed
Early development is a period when lasting changes deserve particular attention. Mice exposed before and shortly after birth later behaved differently in several activity measures. The directions varied between exposure groups and the samples were small. Their significance for developmental function remains uncertain; they do not establish a human diagnosis.
Broom et al. · 2019Animals
WEB-030Original text reviewed
Sensory nerve endings help an organism detect potentially harmful conditions. In isolated leech neurons, intense millimetre waves changed the threshold for nerve firing differently from direct heating. The experiment offers a mechanism to examine; it does not establish the cause of symptoms in people.
Romanenko et al. · 2019Cells / isolated tissue
RF-033Original text reviewed
This study followed adolescents and measured changes in memory rather than asking only how much they used phones. A negative association appeared in the subgroup with operator records, while the full-sample estimate was not significant. Developmental function matters; this qualified pattern deserves independent scrutiny.
Foerster et al. · 2018People
RF-031Original abstract verified
This follow-up used pulsed signals and reported different patterns by sex and frequency in how much blood-borne dye entered brain tissue. It helps define more specific experiments on the brain's protective barrier. Dose and temperature details remain unverified, limiting what the findings reveal about relevant exposure conditions.
Sırav and Seyhan · 2016Animals
RF-034Original abstract verified
This Chinese experiment reports memory-task difficulty alongside tissue and brain-barrier changes in rats. That combination is worth examining across independent programmes. Only the original abstract has been verified here; the whole-body and local head doses differ sharply and must remain separate when considering relevance.
Tang et al. · 2015Animals
RF-032Original text reviewed
A good night's sleep is something people value for how they function the next day. Under this study's unusual pulsed exposure, young men slept slightly less and showed less overnight improvement on one tapping-task measure. That functional result deserves independent testing; it does not establish a sleep disorder.
Lustenberger et al. · 2013People
RF-041Original text reviewed
After exposure during pregnancy, mouse offspring showed altered activity and object recognition. Developmental outcomes deserve attention, but the experiment did not measure how much RF energy the mothers or fetuses absorbed. Its published hormone correction is retained; these results do not establish ADHD or a human prenatal risk level.
Aldad et al. · 2012Animals
RF-030Original abstract verified
A separate laboratory reported a change in passage from blood into brain tissue in male rats, with no corresponding finding in females. This suggests a question about biological differences worth testing directly. The abstract does not establish a statistical difference between sexes, and full methods remain to be checked.
Sırav and Seyhan · 2011Animals
RF-049Original text reviewed
A brain scan detected increased glucose use in the region nearest the active phone's antenna in a blinded human experiment. Glucose use measures brain metabolism, so this provides evidence of an objective response under that protocol. Whether the response affects health or function remains unresolved; the scan did not demonstrate injury.
Volkow et al. · 2011People
RF-046Original abstract verified
Mitochondria supply cells with energy and contain their own DNA. In rat nerve cells grown in the laboratory, the abstract reports changes in that DNA after RF exposure. It identifies a possible dysfunction pathway; incomplete methods and temperature information prevent a conclusion about neurological harm in people.
Xu et al. · 2010Cells / isolated tissue
CTX-006Replication and cohort context
An independent laboratory did not confirm Salford's reported brain-tissue changes. The exposure range and tissue staining were not identical, so the comparison needs care. It keeps reproducibility central. A common blinded protocol could help clarify the difference before conclusions about harmful exposure levels.
Masuda et al. · 2009Animals
RF-028Original text reviewed
Researchers detected a blood protein outside brain vessels a week after exposure, suggesting altered control of passage into brain tissue. They did not find an increase in dark-staining nerve cells. The question is whether the reported barrier change is reproducible and has consequences for brain function.
Nittby et al. · 2009Animals
CTX-005Replication and cohort context
These are the same rats used for the memory paper RF-029 . Their brain-tissue examination did not demonstrate neuronal injury. Reading both papers together prevents a memory-test result from becoming an unsupported claim of brain-cell loss, and prevents one experiment from being counted twice.
Grafström et al. · 2008Animals
RF-027Original abstract verified
The blood-brain barrier normally controls what passes from the bloodstream into brain tissue. This follow-up reported leakage and nerve-cell changes at different times after exposure. It makes the timing of tissue examinations important; the abstract alone cannot show which individual exposure levels drove each result.
Eberhardt et al. · 2008Animals
RF-029Original abstract verified
Remembering the order of events is a specific mental function. Exposed rats performed less well on an object-order task after a long exposure programme, although other tests were unchanged. Tissue examination of the same animals did not demonstrate neuronal injury, so the behavioural finding needs its own explanation.
Nittby et al. · 2008Animals
RF-010Original text reviewed
Electrical recordings can reveal brain responses that a person may not feel. In this small blinded study, the clearest sleep-brainwave change occurred at the higher exposure; sleep structure was unchanged. Its contribution is a measurable response whose significance for sleep and health still needs to be established.
Regel et al. · 2007People
RF-013Original text reviewed
A study of people's homes linked higher estimated base-station fields with more reported headaches, even after adjustment for concern about exposure. This is a reason to investigate symptoms with repeated measurements over time. A single household visit cannot establish whether RF caused the headaches or identify a symptom threshold.
Hutter et al. · 2006People
RF-020Original text reviewed
When brain tissue was examined weeks after a two-hour RF exposure, a blinded examiner found higher scores for dark-staining nerve cells in some rat groups. This makes delayed tissue changes worth examining. The lowest dose was nonsignificant and independent replication did not confirm the result; permanent human injury was not established.
Salford et al. · 2003Animals
RF-012Original abstract verified
The way a radio signal is delivered may matter as well as its frequency. This human study's abstract reports different brainwave responses to pulsed and continuous signals, alongside blood-flow changes. Full methods still need review before drawing dose conclusions; the observation points to waveform as a health-assessment question.
Huber et al. · 2002People