# WEB-009 — Sexual behaviour and hormone differences in a 3.5/24 GHz rat study

Why this matters
Reproductive function involves behaviour and hormones as well as sperm. These observations broaden the endpoints available from one laboratory’s exposure programme.

Id: WEB-009

Author: Hairulazam et al.

Full Authors: Atikah Hairulazam; Siti Fatimah Ibrahim; Khairul Osman; Mohd Helmy Mokhtar; Aini Farzana Zulkefli; Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros; Norazurashima Jamaludin; Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha; Sivasatyan Vijay; Zahriladha Zakaria; Amyrul Azuan Mohd Bahar; Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar

Year: 2026

Title: Differential Effects of 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz 5G Radiofrequency Exposure on Male Sexual Behaviour and Reproductive Endocrine Function in Rats

Journal: International journal of molecular sciences

Citation: Atikah Hairulazam; Siti Fatimah Ibrahim; Khairul Osman; Mohd Helmy Mokhtar; Aini Farzana Zulkefli; Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros; Norazurashima Jamaludin; Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha; Sivasatyan Vijay; Zahriladha Zakaria; Amyrul Azuan Mohd Bahar; Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar. Differential Effects of 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz 5G Radiofrequency Exposure on Male Sexual Behaviour and Reproductive Endocrine Function in Rats. International journal of molecular sciences. 2026. doi:10.3390/ijms27167102.

Doi: 10.3390/ijms27167102

Pmid: 42653107

Topic: Newer-frequency reproduction; Reproductive endocrine responses

Verification Group: Original text reviewed

Record Role: Original text reviewed

Featured: False

Exposure: 3.5 or 24 GHz; 7 h/day for 60 days. 24 GHz source: commercial presence detector; no demonstrated NR signal.

Design: 18 male rats, six per sham/3.5/24 GHz group; mating behaviour, serum hormones and androgen receptors.

Finding: Selected mating latencies/frequencies and testosterone/oestrogen measures differed by frequency; androgen-receptor expression was unchanged.

Statistics: See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.

Boundary: Exploratory outcomes without prespecified primary endpoint or multiplicity correction. Small groups; overlap with related UKM publications unresolved. Transmitter power is not absorbed dose.

Related: UKM research cluster with RF-022 and WEB-010; do not count as independent replications.

Protection Question: Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?

Access: Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.

Locator: Original results/methods sections

Notice: Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.

Funding: Faculty of Medicine Fundamental Grant (GFFP) Faculty of Medicine, UKM FF-2023-176 Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) https://ror.org/05mcs2t73 FRGS/1/2022/SKK06/UKM/03/2 This study was supported by the Faculty of Medicine Fundamental Grant (GFFP), Faculty of Medicine, UKM, under the grant number FF-2023-176. This work was also supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), grant number FRGS/1/2022/SKK06/UKM/03/2, funded by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia.

Conflicts: Disclosure statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.

Source Url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27167102

Retrieval Links: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27167102 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42653107/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13513241/

Verification Date: 2026-10-21

Discovery Id: EML-5G-010

Technology Tracks: 5g

Technology Connection: Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.

Publication Type: Original journal research

Study Setting: Animals

Browse Categories: reproduction