# WEB-042 — 28 GHz: warmth perception varies with exposure intensity

Why this matters
Knowing when someone first notices warmth helps interpret stronger exposure experiments. These measurements show that perception thresholds and their repeatability depend on the exposure level. That is useful human physiology, even though the protocol was far more intense than ordinary environmental fields.

Id: WEB-042

Author: Yuasa et al.

Full Authors: Akiko Yuasa; Shintaro Uehara; Kazuki Ushizawa; Sachiko Kodera; Norika Arai; Akimasa Hirata; Yohei Otaka

Year: 2024

Title: The thermal sensation threshold and its reliability induced by the exposure to 28 GHz millimeter-wave

Journal: Frontiers in neuroscience

Citation: Akiko Yuasa; Shintaro Uehara; Kazuki Ushizawa; Sachiko Kodera; Norika Arai; Akimasa Hirata; Yohei Otaka. The thermal sensation threshold and its reliability induced by the exposure to 28 GHz millimeter-wave. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2024. doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1331416.

Doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1331416

Pmid: 38476868

Topic: Human millimetre-wave sensation; Millimetre-wave thermal thresholds

Verification Group: Original text reviewed

Record Role: Original text reviewed

Featured: False

Exposure: 28 GHz to the fingertip; incident densities 27–399 mW/cm²; two measurement sessions on the same day.

Design: Twenty healthy adults; skin thermometry and subjective thermal sensation, with repeatability analysis.

Finding: Mean detectable temperature changes were about 0.2°C at 27 mW/cm² and 0.9–1.0°C at 126–399 mW/cm². Reliability varied by intensity.

Statistics: See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.

Boundary: Thermal perception, not a demonstrated injury endpoint. Small healthy-adult sample; repeated-session thresholds do not establish effects of low-level exposure or scanner use.

Related: Companion human-sensation programme to the 2026 pain-threshold paper. Related publication records: WEB-041.

Protection Question: Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?

Access: Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.

Locator: Original methods and results

Notice: Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.

Funding: See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.

Conflicts: A disclosure statement is present in the original article; consult it for the declared relationships.

Source Url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1331416

Retrieval Links: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1331416 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38476868/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10927852/

Verification Date: 2026-10-21

Discovery Id: TARGETED-20261021-15

Technology Tracks: 5g|scanners|millimetre

Technology Connection: Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms. High-intensity 28 GHz laboratory threshold research; not measurements of health outcomes in screened passengers or airport staff.

Publication Type: Original journal research

Study Setting: People

Browse Categories: brain