Biological responses in the 6–100 GHz literature

What this paper brings together

A structured pragmatic review of 94 in-vivo and in-vitro publications at 6–100 GHz, with studies concentrated around 30–65 GHz.

The authors’ synthesis or proposal

The authors report responses in 80% of animal and 58% of cell investigations. They highlight skin and eye heating questions, sparse coverage in some frequency bands and environmental research needs.

Reading the connections carefully

Those percentages count reported biological responses, not harmful outcomes or independent replications. Study quality and temperature controls were often insufficient, and the review cannot establish non-thermal harm or a meaningful overall safety verdict for 5G.

Study records to read alongside

These are topical connections within this library. A link does not mean the review cited this particular paper or independently confirmed its result.

• RF-021 Changed cortical gene expression after a 5G signal
• WEB-038 27.5 GHz: early-life skin signalling and mast-cell responses
• WEB-055 3.5 GHz: reversible suppression of neuronal firing at high SAR
• WEB-032 60 GHz: eye injury under different temperature and humidity conditions
• WEB-033 60 GHz: skin-model injury thresholds and the limits of averaging