# REV-030 — Possible non-thermal pathways in male reproductive effects Collection: Reviews & proposed mechanisms (not an original experiment) Id: REV-030 Heading: Possible non-thermal pathways in male reproductive effects Doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087 Title: Non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation: Mechanistic insights into male reproductive vulnerability in the era of ubiquitous exposure Authors: Pooja Jangid; Umesh Rai; Sirajuddin Ahmed; Sanjay Singh; Rajeev Singh Author: Jangid et al. Date: 2025-10-28 Kind: Narrative review Why: Connecting mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and sperm development can make reproductive findings more intelligible. Scope: A mechanistic review of RF literature addressing the male reproductive system, hormonal regulation, DNA, cell survival and the blood–testis barrier. Summary: The authors propose interacting pathways involving oxidative imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, apoptosis/autophagy and hormonal disruption that could contribute to reduced reproductive function. Limitations: This is a mechanistic interpretation of mixed experimental and clinical evidence. It does not establish the full pathway in exposed people or a frequency-specific 5G risk; dosimetry and real-world relevance need direct evaluation. Topics: Reproduction; Mitochondria; Oxidative stress Exposures: Radiofrequency; Mobile telephony; Wi-Fi Journal: Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) Links: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41161550/ Access Label: Abstract checked Source Check: Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026. Citation: Pooja Jangid; Umesh Rai; Sirajuddin Ahmed; Sanjay Singh; Rajeev Singh. Non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation: Mechanistic insights into male reproductive vulnerability in the era of ubiquitous exposure. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2025. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087. Related Studies: RF-006; RF-022; RF-044; RF-008; RF-046 Url: /reviews/rev-030/ Year: 2025 Record Type: review_or_mechanism Source Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087