[ { "doi": "10.3389/phrs.2026.1609952", "title": "Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency fields and cardiovascular consequences: a systematic review", "authors": [ "Elham Raeisi", "Sara Maghare Dehkordi", "Saeid Yazdanirad", "Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani" ], "date": "2026-09-25", "issueYear": "2026", "why": "Workplace exposure is a distinct setting, and this recent review identifies cardiovascular observations worth following up.", "summary": "Reviews 14 occupational ELF studies; seven reported associations involving outcomes including arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, hypertension or haematological parameters.", "limitations": "Results are mixed, and the authors say causality cannot be established. Occupational confounding, heterogeneous exposure measures and differing outcomes prevent a firm risk estimate.", "scope": "A 2026 systematic review of fourteen studies on occupational ELF exposure and cardiovascular outcomes.", "exposures": [ "ELF magnetic fields" ], "journal": "Public health reviews", "heading": "Occupational low-frequency exposure and cardiovascular findings", "id": "REV-020", "kind": "Systematic review", "topics": [ "Cardiovascular effects", "Occupational exposure" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2026.1609952", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42856653/" ], "author": "Raeisi et al.", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Elham Raeisi; Sara Maghare Dehkordi; Saeid Yazdanirad; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani. Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency fields and cardiovascular consequences: a systematic review. Public health reviews. 2026. doi:10.3389/phrs.2026.1609952.", "related_studies": [], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-020/", "year": 2026, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2026.1609952" }, { "id": "REV-034", "heading": "Developmental questions in recent mobile-phone and base-station research", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1915745", "title": "A review of potential health risks of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure from mobile phones and base stations in children and pregnant women", "authors": [ "Shivani Dogra", "Sonali Rajput", "Aanchal Rathi", "Rohit Gautam", "Poulami Mazumder", "Abhinav Sinha", "Rakesh Kumar Sahoo", "Sanghamitra Pati", "Aparna Mukherjee", "Taruna Arora" ], "author": "Dogra et al.", "date": "2026-09-11", "kind": "Narrative review", "why": "Children and pregnancy raise questions about exposure during development that adult studies cannot answer on their own.", "scope": "Reviews experimental and epidemiological work published during 2015–2025 on developmental, reproductive, neurological and cancer-related outcomes.", "summary": "The review identifies experimental and higher-exposure findings consistent with oxidative stress and other plausible pathways, while emphasising limited longitudinal evidence for children and foetuses.", "limitations": "The review does not establish a causal relationship. Findings are inconsistent and experimental mechanisms have not been consistently observed in human populations; study designs and exposure measures vary. Included for its developmental concerns and research questions.", "topics": [ "Neurodevelopment", "Pregnancy", "Oxidative stress" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Mobile telephony", "Mobile base stations", "5G-related bands" ], "journal": "Frontiers in public health", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1915745", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42799090/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13613974/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Shivani Dogra; Sonali Rajput; Aanchal Rathi; Rohit Gautam; Poulami Mazumder; Abhinav Sinha; Rakesh Kumar Sahoo; Sanghamitra Pati; Aparna Mukherjee; Taruna Arora. A review of potential health risks of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure from mobile phones and base stations in children and pregnant women. Frontiers in public health. 2026. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1915745.", "related_studies": [ "RF-036", "RF-041", "RF-006", "RF-008", "RF-046" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-034/", "year": 2026, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1915745" }, { "id": "REV-029", "heading": "Sperm and testicular findings across rodent RF experiments", "doi": "10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109300", "title": "Influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on spermatogenesis and sperm function in rodent models: A systematic review", "authors": [ "Nushin Naderi", "Marziyeh Tavalaee", "Parand Heydarian Far", "Ali Mokhtari", "Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani" ], "author": "Naderi et al.", "date": "2026-06-25", "kind": "Systematic review", "why": "Reproductive findings become easier to assess when the exposure conditions and recurring weaknesses are examined across experiments.", "scope": "A review of 88 eligible rodent studies, with searches through December 2025; reported frequencies 800–24,000 MHz and SARs 0.014–34 W/kg.", "summary": "The authors identify oxidative and reproductive alterations in subsets of studies, including sperm and testicular endpoints. Their synthesis describes plausible biological signals while finding no uniform causal interpretation across the literature.", "limitations": "Housing, allocation, blinding, dosimetry and outcome assessment were recurrent uncertainties. This is animal evidence with heterogeneous, often subchronic exposures, not an estimate of human infertility. Some publisher/search summaries show 89 studies; the current PubMed abstract states 88, which is used here.", "topics": [ "Reproduction", "Oxidative stress", "Animal experiments" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Microwaves" ], "journal": "Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109300", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42349729/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Nushin Naderi; Marziyeh Tavalaee; Parand Heydarian Far; Ali Mokhtari; Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani. Influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on spermatogenesis and sperm function in rodent models: A systematic review. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2026. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109300.", "related_studies": [ "RF-006", "RF-022", "RF-044", "RF-008", "RF-046" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-029/", "year": 2026, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109300" }, { "id": "REV-036", "heading": "Reanalysing animal data to propose lower RF exposure limits", "doi": "10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6", "title": "Exposure limits to radiofrequency EMF do not account for cancer risk or reproductive toxicity assessed from data in experimental animals", "authors": [ "Ronald L Melnick", "Joel M Moskowitz", "International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF)" ], "author": "Melnick et al.", "date": "2026-03-14", "kind": "Secondary risk analysis", "why": "This paper shows how the same animal findings can be used to ask a different question: what protection level follows from a chosen risk model?", "scope": "Reanalyses experimental animal cancer data using benchmark doses and low-dose extrapolation, and applies uncertainty factors to reproductive-toxicity findings.", "summary": "Melnick, Moskowitz and ICBE-EMF derive proposed whole-body limits below current limits, linking their argument to a specified cancer-risk target and assumptions about daily exposure duration.", "limitations": "This is secondary modelling, not new exposure evidence. Numerical limits depend on animal-to-human extrapolation, linear low-dose assumptions, risk targets and uncertainty factors. They are proposed values, not measured human disease thresholds; the 2026 animal-review corrigendum should be read alongside.", "topics": [ "Risk modelling", "Cancer", "Reproduction", "Exposure standards" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency" ], "journal": "Environmental health : a global access science source", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41826931/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13130403/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Ronald L Melnick; Joel M Moskowitz; International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF). Exposure limits to radiofrequency EMF do not account for cancer risk or reproductive toxicity assessed from data in experimental animals. Environmental health : a global access science source. 2026. doi:10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6.", "related_studies": [ "RF-001", "RF-002", "RF-014", "RF-006", "RF-022" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-036/", "year": 2026, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6" }, { "doi": "10.1515/reveh-2025-0104", "title": "Radiofrequency radiation-induced gene expression", "authors": [ "Henry Lai", "B Blake Levitt" ], "date": "2025-10-29", "issueYear": "2025", "why": "Patterns in gene activity can offer clues about what cells are responding to before overt tissue injury is visible.", "summary": "Reviews RF-associated expression changes in genes involved in protein repair, oxidative responses, apoptosis, DNA damage responses and neural function; interprets the pattern as consistent with cellular stress.", "limitations": "Gene-expression changes are not equivalent to injury or a clinical diagnosis. Different biological systems and exposure conditions are combined without a single risk estimate.", "scope": "A 2025 review of gene-expression responses to RF exposure, including stress, repair and cell-signalling pathways.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency" ], "journal": "Reviews on environmental health", "heading": "Gene-expression patterns after radiofrequency exposure", "id": "REV-009", "kind": "Narrative review", "topics": [ "Gene expression", "Cell stress", "DNA damage" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2025-0104", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41145349/" ], "author": "Lai et al.", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Henry Lai; B Blake Levitt. Radiofrequency radiation-induced gene expression. Reviews on environmental health. 2025. doi:10.1515/reveh-2025-0104.", "related_studies": [ "RF-021", "WEB-028", "WEB-038", "RF-009", "WEB-049" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-009/", "year": 2025, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2025-0104" }, { "id": "REV-030", "heading": "Possible non-thermal pathways in male reproductive effects", "doi": "10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087", "title": "Non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation: Mechanistic insights into male reproductive vulnerability in the era of ubiquitous exposure", "authors": [ "Pooja Jangid", "Umesh Rai", "Sirajuddin Ahmed", "Sanjay Singh", "Rajeev Singh" ], "author": "Jangid et al.", "date": "2025-10-28", "kind": "Narrative review", "why": "Connecting mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and sperm development can make reproductive findings more intelligible.", "scope": "A mechanistic review of RF literature addressing the male reproductive system, hormonal regulation, DNA, cell survival and the blood–testis barrier.", "summary": "The authors propose interacting pathways involving oxidative imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, apoptosis/autophagy and hormonal disruption that could contribute to reduced reproductive function.", "limitations": "This is a mechanistic interpretation of mixed experimental and clinical evidence. It does not establish the full pathway in exposed people or a frequency-specific 5G risk; dosimetry and real-world relevance need direct evaluation.", "topics": [ "Reproduction", "Mitochondria", "Oxidative stress" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Mobile telephony", "Wi-Fi" ], "journal": "Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41161550/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Pooja Jangid; Umesh Rai; Sirajuddin Ahmed; Sanjay Singh; Rajeev Singh. Non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation: Mechanistic insights into male reproductive vulnerability in the era of ubiquitous exposure. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2025. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087.", "related_studies": [ "RF-006", "RF-022", "RF-044", "RF-008", "RF-046" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-030/", "year": 2025, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087" }, { "id": "REV-035", "heading": "A critical review of the WHO-commissioned evidence syntheses", "doi": "10.1186/s12940-025-01220-4", "title": "The WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of radiofrequency radiation provide no assurance of safety", "authors": [ "Ronald L Melnick", "Joel M Moskowitz", "Paul Héroux", "Erica Mallery-Blythe", "Julie E McCredden", "Martha Herbert", "Lennart Hardell", "Alasdair Philips", "Fiorella Belpoggi", "John W Frank", "Theodora Scarato", "Elizabeth Kelley", "International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF)" ], "author": "Melnick et al.", "date": "2025-10-02", "kind": "Critical review", "why": "How studies are grouped or excluded can change what a review makes visible, so methods themselves deserve scrutiny.", "scope": "Examines twelve WHO-commissioned RF systematic reviews and their meta-analyses across cancer and non-cancer outcomes.", "summary": "Melnick and colleagues argue that subgrouping, exclusions, heterogeneity and weaknesses in underlying studies limit claims of safety. They highlight animal-cancer and reproductive findings they consider important for exposure protection.", "limitations": "A methodological critique and policy interpretation, not twelve new datasets or an independent meta-analysis. Its criticisms need to be read alongside the original reviews and corrections; the 2026 animal-cancer corrigendum postdates this article.", "topics": [ "Review methods", "Cancer", "Reproduction", "Exposure standards" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency" ], "journal": "Environmental health : a global access science source", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-025-01220-4", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41034851/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12490090/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Ronald L Melnick; Joel M Moskowitz; Paul Héroux; Erica Mallery-Blythe; Julie E McCredden; Martha Herbert; Lennart Hardell; Alasdair Philips; Fiorella Belpoggi; John W Frank; Theodora Scarato; Elizabeth Kelley; International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF). The WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of radiofrequency radiation provide no assurance of safety. Environmental health : a global access science source. 2025. doi:10.1186/s12940-025-01220-4.", "related_studies": [ "RF-001", "RF-002", "RF-014", "RF-006", "RF-022" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-035/", "year": 2025, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-025-01220-4" }, { "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2025.1613353", "title": "A scoping review and evidence map of radiofrequency field exposure and genotoxicity: assessing in vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological data", "authors": [ "Steven G Weller", "Julie E McCredden", "Victor Leach", "Cordia Chu", "Alfred King-Yin Lam" ], "date": "2025-07-30", "issueYear": "2025", "why": "Mapping many experiments can reveal recurring exposure conditions and endpoints that deserve closer investigation.", "summary": "Maps over 500 RF/genotoxicity studies across cell, animal and epidemiological evidence; reports patterns involving duration, signal type and biological markers and raises concern about possible genotoxicity.", "limitations": "Evidence mapping and counts of significant findings are not a pooled causal risk estimate. Higher-quality studies showed fewer significant effects; funding-outcome associations do not establish misconduct or explain each result.", "scope": "A scoping review mapping 530 publications reporting 536 studies across in-vivo, in-vitro and epidemiological RF/genotoxicity research.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Mobile telephony" ], "journal": "Frontiers in public health", "heading": "Mapping the evidence on RF exposure and genetic damage", "id": "REV-010", "kind": "Scoping review", "topics": [ "DNA damage", "Exposure duration", "Signal modulation" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1613353", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40809778/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12343714/" ], "author": "Weller et al.", "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Full text: introduction and conclusion/limitations passages checked; metadata/abstract also checked. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Steven G Weller; Julie E McCredden; Victor Leach; Cordia Chu; Alfred King-Yin Lam. A scoping review and evidence map of radiofrequency field exposure and genotoxicity: assessing in vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological data. Frontiers in public health. 2025. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1613353.", "related_studies": [ "RF-005", "RF-016", "RF-045" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-010/", "year": 2025, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1613353" }, { "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441", "title": "A comprehensive mechanism of biological and health effects of anthropogenic extremely low frequency and wireless communication electromagnetic fields", "authors": [ "Dimitris J Panagopoulos", "Igor Yakymenko", "Geoffry N De Iuliis", "George P Chrousos" ], "date": "2025-06-04", "issueYear": "2025", "why": "This later synthesis connects the physical signal, cell-membrane response and oxidative pathways in one testable framework.", "summary": "Extends the ion forced-oscillation/voltage-gated ion-channel hypothesis to wireless carrier signals and their ELF/ULF modulation, linking disturbed ionic regulation to mitochondrial and enzyme-generated oxidative stress.", "limitations": "An explanatory proposal built from heterogeneous earlier studies. Authors acknowledge that details connecting ionic perturbations to ROS production need further exploration.", "scope": "A 2025 synthesis of laboratory and epidemiological literature proposing an ion-channel-to-oxidative-stress pathway for ELF and wireless exposures.", "exposures": [ "ELF magnetic fields", "Radiofrequency", "Modulated wireless signals" ], "journal": "Frontiers in public health", "heading": "Connecting wireless signals, ion channels and oxidative pathways", "id": "REV-003", "kind": "Proposed mechanism", "topics": [ "Ion channels", "Oxidative stress", "DNA damage" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40547468/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12179773/" ], "author": "Panagopoulos et al.", "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Full text: introduction and conclusion/limitations passages checked; metadata/abstract also checked. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "The publisher records an update on 6 June 2025, two days after first publication. Read the current publisher version.", "notice_urls": [ "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441/full" ], "citation": "Dimitris J Panagopoulos; Igor Yakymenko; Geoffry N De Iuliis; George P Chrousos. A comprehensive mechanism of biological and health effects of anthropogenic extremely low frequency and wireless communication electromagnetic fields. Frontiers in public health. 2025. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441.", "related_studies": [ "RF-006", "RF-008", "RF-046", "RF-005", "RF-016" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-003/", "year": 2025, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441" }, { "doi": "10.1016/j.envint.2025.109482", "title": "Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review", "authors": [ "Meike Mevissen", "Angélique Ducray", "Jerrold M Ward", "Annette Kopp-Schneider", "James P McNamee", "Andrew W Wood", "Tania M Rivero", "Kurt Straif" ], "date": "2025-04-25", "issueYear": "2025", "why": "Long-term animal cancer experiments deserve to be considered together rather than as isolated reports.", "summary": "The corrected synthesis includes 51 studies with 10 chronic bioassays and rates evidence of increased male-rat glioma and heart schwannoma as high certainty within its GRADE/OHAT framework.", "limitations": "Animal findings do not quantify human risk. Designs and endpoints were too heterogeneous for meta-analysis; most organs showed no or minimal evidence. Use 2026 corrigendum rather than uncorrected study counts.", "scope": "A systematic review of laboratory-animal RF cancer studies. The 2026 corrected abstract reports 51 studies and 10 chronic bioassays.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency" ], "journal": "Environment international", "heading": "Animal cancer experiments considered together", "id": "REV-011", "kind": "Systematic review", "topics": [ "Cancer", "Animal bioassays" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109482", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40339346/" ], "author": "Mevissen et al.", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "Erratum in: Environ Int. 2026 Jul 13:110368. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110368. Correction checked: The corrected abstract reports 51 studies and 10 chronic bioassays. It retains high-certainty male-rat glioma and heart-schwannoma conclusions; several counts and benchmark doses were corrected.", "notice_urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42442967/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110368" ], "citation": "Meike Mevissen; Angélique Ducray; Jerrold M Ward; Annette Kopp-Schneider; James P McNamee; Andrew W Wood; Tania M Rivero; Kurt Straif. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review. Environment international. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109482.", "related_studies": [ "RF-001", "RF-002", "RF-014" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-011/", "year": 2025, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109482" }, { "doi": "10.1186/s12940-024-01117-8", "title": "Relationship between radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones and brain tumor: meta-analyses using various proxies for RF-EMR exposure-outcome assessment", "authors": [ "Jinyoung Moon", "Jungmin Kwon", "Yongseok Mun" ], "date": "2024-10-10", "issueYear": "2024", "why": "This analysis explores whether more specific descriptions of phone use reveal associations missed by broad ever-use categories.", "summary": "Combines 19 case-control and 5 cohort studies. The case-control synthesis reports higher brain-tumour odds for same-side use (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.21–1.62), use over 10 years (1.27, 1.08–1.48) and cumulative use over 896 hours (1.59, 1.25–2.02).", "limitations": "Cohort pooled estimates were statistically inconclusive. Recall, selection and exposure-classification problems remain; overlapping datasets in other reviews are not new independent evidence. The 2024 correction changes author affiliations only.", "scope": "A meta-analysis separating case-control and cohort evidence and comparing call time, years of use and side of head exposure.", "exposures": [ "Mobile telephony" ], "journal": "Environmental health : a global access science source", "heading": "Brain-tumour associations across different phone-use measures", "id": "REV-013", "kind": "Meta-analysis", "topics": [ "Cancer", "Brain tumours", "Cumulative exposure" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01117-8", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39390576/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465689/" ], "author": "Moon et al.", "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Full text: introduction and conclusion/limitations passages checked; metadata/abstract also checked. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "Erratum in: Environ Health. 2024 Nov 12;23(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s12940-024-01138-3 Correction checked: Affiliations of first two authors corrected; no result change.", "notice_urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39533315/", "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01138-3" ], "citation": "Jinyoung Moon; Jungmin Kwon; Yongseok Mun. Relationship between radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones and brain tumor: meta-analyses using various proxies for RF-EMR exposure-outcome assessment. Environmental health : a global access science source. 2024. doi:10.1186/s12940-024-01117-8.", "related_studies": [ "RF-001", "RF-002", "RF-014" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-013/", "year": 2024, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01117-8" }, { "id": "REV-028", "heading": "Gene-expression patterns across terahertz experiments", "doi": "10.3390/genes15081045", "title": "Non-Thermal Effects of Terahertz Radiation on Gene Expression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "authors": [ "Mactar Ndiaga Dione", "Sen Shang", "Qi Zhang", "Sicheng Zhao", "Xiaoyun Lu" ], "author": "Dione et al.", "date": "2024-08-08", "kind": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "why": "A shared pattern in gene activity can suggest a cellular response that no single small experiment would reveal.", "scope": "A systematic review of 13 studies reported in 14 papers, including reanalysis of available transcriptomic data.", "summary": "The review identifies stress-, immune- and inflammation-related gene-expression patterns after terahertz exposure. It discusses non-thermal interpretations but cannot identify a single reliable response gene or gene family.", "limitations": "Methods and exposures were too heterogeneous for a strong combined quantitative conclusion. Gene-expression changes do not establish disease. Many experiments use terahertz bands well above proposed communications bands and cannot be applied directly to 6G exposure.", "topics": [ "Gene expression", "Cell stress", "6G research gaps" ], "exposures": [ "Terahertz", "Proposed 6G frequency context" ], "journal": "Genes", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15081045", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39202405/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11354197/" ], "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Primary metadata, abstract and selected original-text discussion/conclusion passages checked. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Mactar Ndiaga Dione; Sen Shang; Qi Zhang; Sicheng Zhao; Xiaoyun Lu. Non-Thermal Effects of Terahertz Radiation on Gene Expression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Genes. 2024. doi:10.3390/genes15081045.", "related_studies": [ "RF-021", "WEB-028", "WEB-038", "RF-009", "WEB-049" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-028/", "year": 2024, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15081045" }, { "id": "REV-021", "heading": "Pall’s calcium-signalling model of autism development", "doi": "10.3390/brainsci14050454", "title": "Central Causation of Autism/ASDs via Excessive [Ca2+]i Impacting Six Mechanisms Controlling Synaptogenesis during the Perinatal Period: The Role of Electromagnetic Fields and Chemicals and the NO/ONOO(-) Cycle, as Well as Specific Mutations", "authors": [ "Martin L Pall" ], "author": "Pall", "date": "2024-04-30", "kind": "Proposed mechanism", "why": "Early brain development depends on precisely regulated signals between cells. This paper asks whether disturbed calcium signalling could connect environmental exposures with altered synapse formation.", "scope": "Connects perinatal synapse development, intracellular calcium, genetic findings, chemicals and EMF exposure in a single explanatory model.", "summary": "Pall argues that excessive intracellular calcium can disturb six mechanisms controlling synapse formation, and proposes VGCC activation as the EMF-related entry point. He also invokes oxidative/nitrosative cycles and epigenetic dysfunction.", "limitations": "This is a literature-based causal proposal, not a prospective study establishing that wireless exposure causes autism. Connections drawn from different models and exposures need direct validation. The paper’s prevention and treatment suggestions are not established by this synthesis.", "topics": [ "Calcium signalling", "Neurodevelopment", "Oxidative stress" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "ELF magnetic fields", "Modulated wireless signals" ], "journal": "Brain sciences", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050454", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38790433/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11119459/" ], "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Primary metadata, abstract and selected original-text discussion/conclusion passages checked. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Martin L Pall. Central Causation of Autism/ASDs via Excessive [Ca2+]i Impacting Six Mechanisms Controlling Synaptogenesis during the Perinatal Period: The Role of Electromagnetic Fields and Chemicals and the NO/ONOO(-) Cycle, as Well as Specific Mutations. Brain sciences. 2024. doi:10.3390/brainsci14050454.", "related_studies": [ "RF-020", "RF-034", "WEB-055", "RF-036", "RF-041" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-021/", "year": 2024, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050454" }, { "id": "REV-032", "heading": "Insects: bringing laboratory and field findings together", "doi": "10.1515/reveh-2023-0072", "title": "Biological effects of electromagnetic fields on insects: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "authors": [ "Alain Thill", "Marie-Claire Cammaerts", "Alfonso Balmori" ], "author": "Thill et al.", "date": "2023-11-23", "kind": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "why": "The possible effects on insects matter beyond individual species because pollination and wider ecosystems depend on them.", "scope": "Reviews laboratory and field research on insect responses to electromagnetic fields, with attention to power lines and wireless infrastructure.", "summary": "The authors find substantial laboratory evidence of biological effects and more limited field evidence, and argue that environmental EMF deserves greater ecological attention.", "limitations": "The scale of ecosystem consequences remains uncertain. Laboratory effects, varied dose regimes and partly confirmed field observations cannot establish that EMF caused a particular population decline or predict a 5G-specific effect.", "topics": [ "Wildlife and plants", "Insects", "Environmental protection" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "ELF magnetic fields", "Mobile base stations" ], "journal": "Reviews on environmental health", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2023-0072", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37990587/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Alain Thill; Marie-Claire Cammaerts; Alfonso Balmori. Biological effects of electromagnetic fields on insects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reviews on environmental health. 2023. doi:10.1515/reveh-2023-0072.", "related_studies": [ "ECO-003", "ECO-004", "ECO-006", "WEB-047", "ECO-007" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-032/", "year": 2023, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2023-0072" }, { "doi": "10.1515/reveh-2023-0023", "title": "Cellular and molecular effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields", "authors": [ "Henry Lai", "B Blake Levitt" ], "date": "2023-04-07", "issueYear": "2024", "why": "A cellular stress-response framework may help explain why different experiments find different responses to exposure.", "summary": "Proposes that changes in oxidative processes initiate a general cellular stress response, potentially accounting for non-linear dose/time effects and both adverse and beneficial outcomes.", "limitations": "Interpretive review, not a new exposure experiment. The proposed connection to EHS and hippocampal/limbic responses is a hypothesis. Published online 2023; journal issue 2024.", "scope": "A cellular-stress synthesis discussing oxidative mechanisms, non-linear responses and possible links with neurological symptoms. First online 2023; journal issue 2024.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Static fields", "ELF magnetic fields" ], "journal": "Reviews on environmental health", "heading": "Cellular stress as a framework for understanding EMF responses", "id": "REV-008", "kind": "Proposed mechanism", "topics": [ "Cell stress", "Oxidative stress", "Electrohypersensitivity" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2023-0023", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37021652/" ], "author": "Lai et al.", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Henry Lai; B Blake Levitt. Cellular and molecular effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. Reviews on environmental health. 2023. doi:10.1515/reveh-2023-0023.", "related_studies": [ "RF-009", "WEB-049", "RF-006", "RF-008", "RF-046" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-008/", "year": 2023, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2023-0023" }, { "id": "REV-031", "heading": "Connecting wireless-exposure findings with healthcare concerns", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2022.986315", "title": "Wireless technology is an environmental stressor requiring new understanding and approaches in health care", "authors": [ "Julie E McCredden", "Naomi Cook", "Steven Weller", "Victor Leach" ], "author": "McCredden et al.", "date": "2022-12-20", "kind": "Narrative review", "why": "For health professionals, a scattered literature can be hard to connect with questions raised by patients.", "scope": "An ORSAA-database-informed review and discussion of biological-effect categories, proposed mechanisms and implications for healthcare practice.", "summary": "McCredden and colleagues connect cellular stress and other reported biological responses with questions about chronic wireless exposure, arguing that healthcare education should give the topic more attention.", "limitations": "The database and paper are selectively assembled; proportions of positive findings are not pooled risk estimates. Proposed clinical implications do not establish causation for an individual’s symptoms or validate a diagnostic or treatment method.", "topics": [ "Cell stress", "Healthcare", "Exposure standards" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Mobile telephony", "Wi-Fi" ], "journal": "Frontiers in public health", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.986315", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36605238/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9809975/" ], "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Primary metadata, abstract and selected original-text discussion/conclusion passages checked. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Julie E McCredden; Naomi Cook; Steven Weller; Victor Leach. Wireless technology is an environmental stressor requiring new understanding and approaches in health care. Frontiers in public health. 2022. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.986315.", "related_studies": [ "RF-009", "WEB-049" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-031/", "year": 2022, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.986315" }, { "id": "REV-033", "heading": "Reported health effects near mobile-phone base stations", "doi": "10.1016/j.envres.2022.113851", "title": "Evidence for a health risk by RF on humans living around mobile phone base stations: From radiofrequency sickness to cancer", "authors": [ "A Balmori" ], "author": "Balmori", "date": "2022-07-14", "kind": "Narrative review", "why": "People living near an antenna often ask about chronic residential exposure rather than a phone held against the head.", "scope": "Reviews 38 selected studies of residents near mobile-phone base stations, covering symptoms, cancer and biochemical findings.", "summary": "Balmori reports relevant effects in 28 of 38 selected studies, with findings grouped under symptoms, cancer and biochemical measures, and relates these to other RF-exposure literature.", "limitations": "Counting studies with effects is not a pooled risk estimate. Exposure characterisation, study selection, confounding and self-report can affect the pattern; proximity alone is not absorbed dose. The review does not establish a base-station cause for an individual illness.", "topics": [ "Residential exposure", "Symptoms", "Cancer" ], "exposures": [ "Mobile base stations", "Radiofrequency" ], "journal": "Environmental research", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113851", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35843283/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "A Balmori. Evidence for a health risk by RF on humans living around mobile phone base stations: From radiofrequency sickness to cancer. Environmental research. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113851.", "related_studies": [ "RF-013", "RF-001", "RF-002", "RF-014" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-033/", "year": 2022, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113851" }, { "doi": "10.1016/j.envres.2022.113374", "title": "Why electrohypersensitivity and related symptoms are caused by non-ionizing man-made electromagnetic fields: An overview and medical assessment", "authors": [ "Dominique Belpomme", "Philippe Irigaray" ], "date": "2022-05-07", "issueYear": "2022", "why": "The authors distinguish the origins of a chronic sensitivity condition from exposures that may trigger symptoms once it exists.", "summary": "Reviews clinical, biological and experimental literature and advances the authors’ case for an EMF-related neurological explanation of EHS and associated symptoms.", "limitations": "A strongly argued causal interpretation of heterogeneous evidence, not a new blinded exposure trial. Clinical biomarkers are not necessarily specific to EMF exposure; causal and diagnostic claims remain proposals.", "scope": "A clinical and environmental synthesis assessing EHS symptoms and proposed pathways involving EMF exposure.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "ELF magnetic fields" ], "journal": "Environmental research", "heading": "Electrohypersensitivity: an environmental and clinical synthesis", "id": "REV-016", "kind": "Clinical narrative review", "topics": [ "Electrohypersensitivity", "Neurological effects", "Biomarkers" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113374", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35537497/" ], "author": "Belpomme et al.", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Dominique Belpomme; Philippe Irigaray. Why electrohypersensitivity and related symptoms are caused by non-ionizing man-made electromagnetic fields: An overview and medical assessment. Environmental research. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113374.", "related_studies": [ "ELF-007", "RF-010", "RF-011", "RF-012" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-016/", "year": 2022, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113374" }, { "doi": "10.1080/15368378.2022.2065683", "title": "The roles of intensity, exposure duration, and modulation on the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation and exposure guidelines", "authors": [ "Henry Lai", "B Blake Levitt" ], "date": "2022-04-19", "issueYear": "2022", "why": "Intensity alone may miss important differences between a brief signal and repeated, modulated exposure.", "summary": "Examines intensity, duration and modulation; reports effects in a selected set of 112 low-intensity studies and argues these exposure characteristics deserve greater attention in guideline assessment.", "limitations": "Narrative selection rather than a pooled risk estimate. The median SAR reported for selected effect studies is not a threshold for harm, and biological effects differ in relevance.", "scope": "A narrative review examining low-intensity effects alongside exposure duration and modulation, including a selected set of 112 studies.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Modulated wireless signals" ], "journal": "Electromagnetic biology and medicine", "heading": "Why exposure duration and signal modulation matter", "id": "REV-007", "kind": "Narrative review", "topics": [ "Exposure duration", "Signal modulation", "Exposure standards" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2022.2065683", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35438055/" ], "author": "Lai et al.", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Henry Lai; B Blake Levitt. The roles of intensity, exposure duration, and modulation on the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation and exposure guidelines. Electromagnetic biology and medicine. 2022. doi:10.1080/15368378.2022.2065683.", "related_studies": [], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-007/", "year": 2022, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2022.2065683" }, { "id": "REV-022", "heading": "Pall’s proposed EMF–calcium–Alzheimer’s pathway", "doi": "10.2174/1567205019666220202114510", "title": "Low Intensity Electromagnetic Fields Act via Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) Activation to Cause Very Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease: 18 Distinct Types of Evidence", "authors": [ "Martin L Pall" ], "author": "Pall", "date": "2022-03-11", "kind": "Proposed mechanism", "why": "Calcium regulation is important in the biology of Alzheimer’s disease. Pall brings that research together with EMF findings to propose a pathway linking exposure, cellular stress and neurodegeneration.", "scope": "A mechanistic mini-review relating calcium-dependent processes in Alzheimer’s disease to laboratory and epidemiological EMF literature.", "summary": "Pall organises 18 lines of argument around calcium-channel activation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and amyloid-related processes. He proposes that pulsed exposures could contribute to earlier neurodegeneration.", "limitations": "The synthesis does not establish that everyday wireless use causes Alzheimer’s disease or predict an age of onset. Animal neurodegeneration, human diagnoses and exposure regimes are distinct; the paper itself calls for better epidemiology and biomarker studies.", "topics": [ "Calcium signalling", "Neurodegeneration", "Oxidative stress" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "ELF magnetic fields", "Modulated wireless signals" ], "journal": "Current Alzheimer research", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205019666220202114510", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35114921/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9189734/" ], "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Primary metadata, abstract and selected original-text discussion/conclusion passages checked. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026. The publisher gives 11 March 2022 as publication date; the PMC issue record is dated 27 April 2022.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Martin L Pall. Low Intensity Electromagnetic Fields Act via Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) Activation to Cause Very Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease: 18 Distinct Types of Evidence. Current Alzheimer research. 2022. doi:10.2174/1567205019666220202114510.", "related_studies": [ "RF-020", "RF-034", "WEB-055", "RF-029", "ELF-005" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-022/", "year": 2022, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205019666220202114510" }, { "doi": "10.3892/ijo.2021.5272", "title": "Human‑made electromagnetic fields: Ion forced‑oscillation and voltage‑gated ion channel dysfunction, oxidative stress and DNA damage (Review)", "authors": [ "Dimitris J Panagopoulos", "Andreas Karabarbounis", "Igor Yakymenko", "George P Chrousos" ], "date": "2021-10-07", "issueYear": "2021", "why": "A proposed chain from ion-channel disturbance to oxidative damage gives researchers specific steps to test.", "summary": "Develops an ion forced-oscillation model: polarized low-frequency components may disturb voltage-gated ion channels, change intracellular ions and promote reactive oxygen species and DNA damage.", "limitations": "Mechanistic synthesis and theoretical modelling; its full causal chain is not established across exposure types or validated as a quantitative predictor of human disease.", "scope": "A biophysical and biological synthesis connecting forced oscillation of ions, voltage-gated channels, oxidative stress and DNA damage.", "exposures": [ "ELF magnetic fields", "Radiofrequency", "Modulated wireless signals" ], "journal": "International journal of oncology", "heading": "Ion-channel disruption, oxidative stress and DNA damage", "id": "REV-002", "kind": "Proposed mechanism", "topics": [ "Ion channels", "Oxidative stress", "DNA damage" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2021.5272", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34617575/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8562392/" ], "author": "Panagopoulos et al.", "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Full text: introduction and conclusion/limitations passages checked; metadata/abstract also checked. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Dimitris J Panagopoulos; Andreas Karabarbounis; Igor Yakymenko; George P Chrousos. Human‑made electromagnetic fields: Ion forced‑oscillation and voltage‑gated ion channel dysfunction, oxidative stress and DNA damage (Review). International journal of oncology. 2021. doi:10.3892/ijo.2021.5272.", "related_studies": [ "RF-006", "RF-008", "RF-046", "RF-005", "RF-016" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-002/", "year": 2021, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2021.5272" }, { "doi": "10.3390/ijms221810041", "title": "Oxidative Stress and NADPH Oxidase: Connecting Electromagnetic Fields, Cation Channels and Biological Effects", "authors": [ "Christos D Georgiou", "Lukas H Margaritis" ], "date": "2021-09-17", "issueYear": "2021", "why": "This paper asks how an exposure might engage the cell’s own machinery for generating reactive molecules.", "summary": "Reviews a proposed route from EMF-sensitive cation channels to NADPH oxidase activation and oxidative stress, discussing downstream damage to DNA and other cell components.", "limitations": "Biochemical plausibility and synthesis, not direct proof of the complete exposure-to-disease pathway. Authors call for specific in-vivo radical measurements.", "scope": "A mechanistic synthesis linking cation-channel regulation, NADPH oxidase activation and reactive oxygen production.", "exposures": [ "ELF magnetic fields", "Radiofrequency" ], "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "heading": "NADPH oxidase as a possible link between fields and oxidative stress", "id": "REV-005", "kind": "Proposed mechanism", "topics": [ "Oxidative stress", "Ion channels", "DNA damage" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810041", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34576203/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8470280/" ], "author": "Georgiou et al.", "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Full text: introduction and conclusion/limitations passages checked; metadata/abstract also checked. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Christos D Georgiou; Lukas H Margaritis. Oxidative Stress and NADPH Oxidase: Connecting Electromagnetic Fields, Cation Channels and Biological Effects. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021. doi:10.3390/ijms221810041.", "related_studies": [ "RF-006", "RF-008", "RF-046", "RF-005", "RF-016" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-005/", "year": 2021, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810041" }, { "doi": "10.1016/j.envres.2021.111784", "title": "Effects of mobile phone usage on sperm quality - No time-dependent relationship on usage: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis", "authors": [ "Sungjoon Kim", "Donghyun Han", "Jiwoo Ryu", "Kihun Kim", "Yun Hak Kim" ], "date": "2021-07-30", "issueYear": "2021", "why": "Sperm-quality findings are relevant to reproductive concern, while duration-response evidence needs separate scrutiny.", "summary": "Combines 18 studies with 4280 samples and reports reduced sperm motility, viability and concentration associated with mobile-phone exposure; did not establish a consistent time-dependent deterioration with longer phone use.", "limitations": "Combines laboratory and observational designs with varying exposure measures. Semen parameters are surrogate endpoints; observational associations may involve confounding. The absence of duration-response limits interpretation.", "scope": "A systematic review and updated meta-analysis of mobile-phone use and human sperm-quality measures.", "exposures": [ "Mobile telephony", "Radiofrequency" ], "journal": "Environmental research", "heading": "Mobile-phone use and sperm quality: an updated meta-analysis", "id": "REV-018", "kind": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "topics": [ "Reproduction", "Sperm quality" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111784", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34333014/" ], "author": "Kim et al.", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Sungjoon Kim; Donghyun Han; Jiwoo Ryu; Kihun Kim; Yun Hak Kim. Effects of mobile phone usage on sperm quality - No time-dependent relationship on usage: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis. Environmental research. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111784.", "related_studies": [ "RF-006", "RF-022", "RF-044" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-018/", "year": 2021, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111784" }, { "doi": "10.1515/reveh-2021-0050", "title": "Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Part 2 impacts: how species interact with natural and man-made EMF", "authors": [ "B Blake Levitt", "Henry C Lai", "Albert M Manville" ], "date": "2021-07-08", "issueYear": "2022", "why": "Human exposure limits cannot simply answer questions about species that use environmental fields for navigation and survival.", "summary": "Part 2 of a three-part synthesis surveys magnetoreception and reported effects on orientation, migration, reproduction and survival across wildlife and plants; raises ecosystem-level concern.", "limitations": "Broad narrative synthesis across taxa, frequencies and exposure contexts. Laboratory or species-specific effects do not establish population decline from a particular wireless network.", "scope": "Part 2 of a wider flora-and-fauna series, surveying responses to natural and artificial EMF across species. First online 2021; journal issue 2022.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "ELF magnetic fields", "Static fields" ], "journal": "Reviews on environmental health", "heading": "How wildlife and plants respond to natural and artificial fields", "id": "REV-019", "kind": "Narrative review", "topics": [ "Wildlife", "Plants", "Navigation", "Reproduction" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0050", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34243228/" ], "author": "Levitt et al.", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "B Blake Levitt; Henry C Lai; Albert M Manville. Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Part 2 impacts: how species interact with natural and man-made EMF. Reviews on environmental health. 2021. doi:10.1515/reveh-2021-0050.", "related_studies": [ "RF-006", "RF-022", "RF-044" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-019/", "year": 2021, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0050" }, { "doi": "10.3390/ijms22147321", "title": "The Critical Importance of Molecular Biomarkers and Imaging in the Study of Electrohypersensitivity. A Scientific Consensus International Report", "authors": [ "Dominique Belpomme", "George L Carlo", "Philippe Irigaray", "David O Carpenter", "Lennart Hardell", "Michael Kundi", "Igor Belyaev", "Magda Havas", "Franz Adlkofer", "Gunnar Heuser", "Anthony B Miller", "Daniela Caccamo", "Chiara De Luca", "Lebrecht von Klitzing", "Martin L Pall", "Priyanka Bandara", "Yael Stein", "Cindy Sage", "Morando Soffritti", "Devra Davis", "Joel M Moskowitz", "S M J Mortazavi", "Martha R Herbert", "Hanns Moshammer", "Gerard Ledoigt", "Robert Turner", "Anthony Tweedale", "Pilar Muñoz-Calero", "Iris Udasin", "Tarmo Koppel", "Ernesto Burgio", "André Vander Vorst" ], "date": "2021-07-07", "issueYear": "2021", "why": "How patients are defined and studied can affect what research can discover about their symptoms.", "summary": "A multi-author report argues for objective clinical characterisation and biomarker/imaging research in EHS and critiques the diagnostic and endpoint assumptions of provocation studies.", "limitations": "Consensus among these signatories is not universal scientific consensus. Advocacy and interpretation overlap with earlier clinical publications; this is not a new patient cohort or validated diagnostic test.", "scope": "A 2021 international author report arguing for molecular biomarkers and imaging in EHS research; Martin Pall is among its co-authors.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "ELF magnetic fields" ], "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "heading": "Biomarkers and imaging in electrohypersensitivity research", "id": "REV-015", "kind": "Consensus report", "topics": [ "Electrohypersensitivity", "Biomarkers", "Research methods" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147321", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34298941/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8304862/" ], "author": "Belpomme et al.", "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Full text: introduction and conclusion/limitations passages checked; metadata/abstract also checked. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Dominique Belpomme; George L Carlo; Philippe Irigaray; David O Carpenter; Lennart Hardell; Michael Kundi; Igor Belyaev; Magda Havas; Franz Adlkofer; Gunnar Heuser; Anthony B Miller; Daniela Caccamo; Chiara De Luca; Lebrecht von Klitzing; Martin L Pall; Priyanka Bandara; Yael Stein; Cindy Sage; Morando Soffritti; Devra Davis; Joel M Moskowitz; S M J Mortazavi; Martha R Herbert; Hanns Moshammer; Gerard Ledoigt; Robert Turner; Anthony Tweedale; Pilar Muñoz-Calero; Iris Udasin; Tarmo Koppel; Ernesto Burgio; André Vander Vorst. The Critical Importance of Molecular Biomarkers and Imaging in the Study of Electrohypersensitivity. A Scientific Consensus International Report. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021. doi:10.3390/ijms22147321.", "related_studies": [ "ELF-007" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-015/", "year": 2021, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147321" }, { "id": "REV-023", "heading": "Pall’s proposal for effects beyond superficial millimetre-wave absorption", "doi": "10.1515/reveh-2020-0165", "title": "Millimeter (MM) wave and microwave frequency radiation produce deeply penetrating effects: the biology and the physics", "authors": [ "Martin L Pall" ], "author": "Pall", "date": "2021-05-26", "kind": "Proposed mechanism", "why": "This paper addresses a question readers often ask about newer wireless bands: can a superficial exposure have effects elsewhere in the body?", "scope": "Reviews reports of millimetre-wave and microwave biological responses and proposes explanations involving magnetic-field interactions, induction and voltage-gated calcium channels. First online 2021; print issue 2022.", "summary": "Pall interprets reported neurological and other internal responses as evidence requiring an explanation beyond superficial electric-field absorption, proposing direct and indirect effects involving channel voltage sensors.", "limitations": "The proposed penetration mechanism is contested in published correspondence. This guide does not treat it as established electrodynamics or evidence that modern 5G signals penetrate deeply in the manner proposed. Original experiments have varied therapeutic, laboratory and exposure contexts.", "topics": [ "Calcium signalling", "Neurological effects", "5G research gaps" ], "exposures": [ "Millimetre waves", "Microwaves", "Modulated wireless signals" ], "journal": "Reviews on environmental health", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0165", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34043892/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "Published comments question the physical mechanism, and Pall published a response. This is a continuing scientific disagreement; link to the complete exchange when considering the proposal.", "notice_urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0090", "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0086", "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0180", "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0125" ], "citation": "Martin L Pall. Millimeter (MM) wave and microwave frequency radiation produce deeply penetrating effects: the biology and the physics. Reviews on environmental health. 2021. doi:10.1515/reveh-2020-0165.", "related_studies": [ "RF-020", "RF-034", "WEB-055", "RF-010", "RF-011" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-023/", "year": 2021, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0165" }, { "doi": "10.3390/ijms22073772", "title": "Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health", "authors": [ "David Schuermann", "Meike Mevissen" ], "date": "2021-04-06", "issueYear": "2021", "why": "Oxidative stress is a recurring biological endpoint that can connect otherwise separate experiments on nerves, reproduction and DNA.", "summary": "Reviews animal and cell experiments from the preceding decade and reports increased oxidative stress in most animal and many cell studies involving RF-EMF or ELF magnetic fields.", "limitations": "Laboratory oxidative markers do not by themselves establish human illness. Models, field parameters and antioxidant responses vary; human and epidemiological evidence requires separate assessment.", "scope": "A review of the preceding decade of animal and cell research on RF and ELF-associated oxidative stress, with biological susceptibility and health implications.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "ELF magnetic fields" ], "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "heading": "Oxidative stress across RF and low-frequency experiments", "id": "REV-004", "kind": "Narrative review", "topics": [ "Oxidative stress", "Reproduction", "Neurological effects" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073772", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33917298/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8038719/" ], "author": "Schuermann et al.", "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Full text: introduction and conclusion/limitations passages checked; metadata/abstract also checked. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "David Schuermann; Meike Mevissen. Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021. doi:10.3390/ijms22073772.", "related_studies": [ "RF-006", "RF-008", "RF-046", "RF-022", "RF-044" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-004/", "year": 2021, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073772" }, { "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116952", "title": "Current progress on the effect of mobile phone radiation on sperm quality: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of human and animal studies", "authors": [ "Gang Yu", "Zhiming Bai", "Chao Song", "Qing Cheng", "Gang Wang", "Zeping Tang", "Sixing Yang" ], "date": "2021-03-30", "issueYear": "2021", "why": "Separating human observational evidence from directly exposed sperm and animal experiments makes reproductive findings easier to interpret.", "summary": "Synthesizes 39 studies: pooled human cross-sectional evidence did not show overall sperm-quality decline, while in-vitro human sperm and animal experiments reported reduced motility or viability.", "limitations": "Study region, age, restraint, exposure system and duration contributed to heterogeneity. Laboratory sperm endpoints do not directly quantify infertility risk from routine human phone use.", "scope": "An updated systematic review and meta-analysis combining human and animal mobile-phone/sperm-quality studies.", "exposures": [ "Mobile telephony", "Radiofrequency" ], "journal": "Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)", "heading": "What sperm-quality studies report across humans and animals", "id": "REV-017", "kind": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "topics": [ "Reproduction", "Sperm quality" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116952", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33862271/" ], "author": "Yu et al.", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Gang Yu; Zhiming Bai; Chao Song; Qing Cheng; Gang Wang; Zeping Tang; Sixing Yang. Current progress on the effect of mobile phone radiation on sperm quality: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of human and animal studies. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 2021. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116952.", "related_studies": [ "RF-006", "RF-022", "RF-044" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-017/", "year": 2021, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116952" }, { "doi": "10.1080/15368378.2021.1881866", "title": "Genetic effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields", "authors": [ "Henry Lai" ], "date": "2021-02-04", "issueYear": "2021", "why": "A genetic-effects overview helps readers compare DNA damage, gene expression and cell-stress responses without treating them as interchangeable.", "summary": "Surveys RF, static and ELF research on genotoxicity and gene expression, emphasizing dependence on cell type, duration and field characteristics and considering free-radical mechanisms.", "limitations": "No single confirmed mechanism or pooled effect size. Genetic responses can be adaptive or harmful and cannot automatically be translated into cancer risk.", "scope": "A survey of RF, static and extremely-low-frequency research on DNA damage, chromosomal endpoints and gene expression.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Static fields", "ELF magnetic fields" ], "journal": "Electromagnetic biology and medicine", "heading": "Genetic effects across different kinds of electromagnetic field", "id": "REV-006", "kind": "Narrative review", "topics": [ "DNA damage", "Gene expression", "Cell stress" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2021.1881866", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33539186/" ], "author": "Lai", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Henry Lai. Genetic effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic biology and medicine. 2021. doi:10.1080/15368378.2021.1881866.", "related_studies": [ "RF-005", "RF-016", "RF-045", "RF-021", "WEB-028" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-006/", "year": 2021, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2021.1881866" }, { "doi": "10.3390/ijerph17218079", "title": "Cellular Phone Use and Risk of Tumors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "authors": [ "Yoon-Jung Choi", "Joel M Moskowitz", "Seung-Kwon Myung", "Yi-Ryoung Lee", "Yun-Chul Hong" ], "date": "2020-11-02", "issueYear": "2020", "why": "Grouping all phone use together may obscure patterns among people reporting much greater accumulated use.", "summary": "Combines 46 case-control studies; reports increased tumour odds in the cumulative-call-time subgroup above 1000 hours, although the overall regular-use comparison was not associated with tumour risk.", "limitations": "Recall and selection bias and self-reported phone-use estimates limit inference. Subgroup estimates are associations, not proof of causation; several published comments and replies discuss the analysis.", "scope": "A meta-analysis of 46 case-control studies, comparing regular use with cumulative call time and other measures of exposure.", "exposures": [ "Mobile telephony" ], "journal": "International journal of environmental research and public health", "heading": "Mobile-phone use and tumour risk: cumulative-use patterns", "id": "REV-012", "kind": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "topics": [ "Cancer", "Brain tumours", "Cumulative exposure" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218079", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33147845/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7663653/" ], "author": "Choi et al.", "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Full text: introduction and conclusion/limitations passages checked; metadata/abstract also checked. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "Comment in: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 18;18(6):3125. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18063125 Comment in: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 23;18(6):3326. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18063326 Comment in: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 May 20;18(10):5459. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18105459 Comment in: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 May 24;18(11):5581. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115581", "notice_urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33803580/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33807080/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34065238/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073653/" ], "citation": "Yoon-Jung Choi; Joel M Moskowitz; Seung-Kwon Myung; Yi-Ryoung Lee; Yun-Chul Hong. Cellular Phone Use and Risk of Tumors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020. doi:10.3390/ijerph17218079.", "related_studies": [ "RF-001", "RF-002", "RF-014" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-012/", "year": 2020, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218079" }, { "id": "REV-025", "heading": "Millimetre waves and skin: what the review found missing", "doi": "10.1515/reveh-2020-0056", "title": "Physiological effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells: an overview of the to-date published studies", "authors": [ "Dariusz Leszczynski" ], "author": "Leszczynski", "date": "2020-08-24", "kind": "Narrative review", "why": "Skin is where much of the energy at millimetre-wave frequencies is absorbed, making the biological response of skin an important research question.", "scope": "Reviews approximately 99 publications on millimetre waves, skin and skin cells in the context of emerging 5G uses.", "summary": "Leszczynski argues that the available skin literature is too limited to support confident health-policy conclusions and calls for stronger biological research before widespread deployment.", "limitations": "This is a review of available evidence and gaps, not a new skin experiment or demonstration of injury at typical 5G exposure. Frequencies, doses and study purposes differ across the underlying work.", "topics": [ "Skin and eyes", "5G research gaps" ], "exposures": [ "Millimetre waves", "5G-related bands" ], "journal": "Reviews on environmental health", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0056", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32829319/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Dariusz Leszczynski. Physiological effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells: an overview of the to-date published studies. Reviews on environmental health. 2020. doi:10.1515/reveh-2020-0056.", "related_studies": [ "WEB-032", "WEB-033", "WEB-040", "RF-021", "WEB-038" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-025/", "year": 2020, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0056" }, { "doi": "10.3390/ijms21061915", "title": "Electrohypersensitivity as a Newly Identified and Characterized Neurologic Pathological Disorder: How to Diagnose, Treat, and Prevent It", "authors": [ "Dominique Belpomme", "Philippe Irigaray" ], "date": "2020-03-11", "issueYear": "2020", "why": "People reporting disabling exposure-related symptoms need careful clinical investigation; this paper assembles proposed objective ways to study them.", "summary": "Synthesizes the authors’ clinical observations and biomarker/imaging work and proposes an inflammatory/oxidative neurological account of EHS, often overlapping with multiple chemical sensitivity.", "limitations": "Specialist, self-referred patient series and non-specific biomarkers limit generalisation and causal inference. Proposed diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches are not presented here as established clinical standards.", "scope": "A clinical narrative account drawing on the authors’ EHS patient observations, biomarkers and proposed neurological mechanisms.", "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "ELF magnetic fields" ], "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "heading": "Electrohypersensitivity: a proposed neurological account", "id": "REV-014", "kind": "Clinical narrative review", "topics": [ "Electrohypersensitivity", "Biomarkers", "Neurological effects" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061915", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32168876/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7139347/" ], "author": "Belpomme et al.", "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Full text: introduction and conclusion/limitations passages checked; metadata/abstract also checked. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Dominique Belpomme; Philippe Irigaray. Electrohypersensitivity as a Newly Identified and Characterized Neurologic Pathological Disorder: How to Diagnose, Treat, and Prevent It. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020. doi:10.3390/ijms21061915.", "related_studies": [ "ELF-007", "RF-010", "RF-011", "RF-012" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-014/", "year": 2020, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061915" }, { "id": "REV-026", "heading": "5G research and the complexity of real-life exposure", "doi": "10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020", "title": "Adverse health effects of 5G mobile networking technology under real-life conditions", "authors": [ "Ronald N Kostoff", "Paul Héroux", "Michael Aschner", "Aristides Tsatsakis" ], "author": "Kostoff et al.", "date": "2020-01-25", "kind": "Narrative review", "why": "Experiments that simplify a signal or isolate one stressor may leave important combinations unexplored.", "scope": "A critical narrative synthesis of wireless-radiation findings, modulation, combined stressors and possible systemic effects in the context of 5G.", "summary": "Kostoff and colleagues argue that unmodulated carrier experiments and single-stressor designs can miss effects relevant to real operating environments. They highlight interactions, pulsing and possible responses beyond skin and eyes.", "limitations": "The paper extrapolates substantially from earlier wireless and laboratory research. It is not a direct experiment with a deployed 5G network, and the proposed combined or systemic effects require exposure-specific tests.", "topics": [ "5G research gaps", "Signal modulation", "Combined exposures" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Millimetre waves", "5G-related bands", "Modulated wireless signals" ], "journal": "Toxicology letters", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31991167/" ], "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Primary PubMed/Europe PMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Ronald N Kostoff; Paul Héroux; Michael Aschner; Aristides Tsatsakis. Adverse health effects of 5G mobile networking technology under real-life conditions. Toxicology letters. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020.", "related_studies": [ "RF-021", "WEB-038", "WEB-055" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-026/", "year": 2020, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020" }, { "id": "REV-024", "heading": "Biological responses in the 6–100 GHz literature", "doi": "10.3390/ijerph16183406", "title": "5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz", "authors": [ "Myrtill Simkó", "Mats-Olof Mattsson" ], "author": "Simkó et al.", "date": "2019-09-13", "kind": "Narrative review", "why": "Before treating a new frequency band as understood, it helps to see how much biological research exists and what it actually tested.", "scope": "A structured pragmatic review of 94 in-vivo and in-vitro publications at 6–100 GHz, with studies concentrated around 30–65 GHz.", "summary": "The authors report responses in 80% of animal and 58% of cell investigations. They highlight skin and eye heating questions, sparse coverage in some frequency bands and environmental research needs.", "limitations": "Those percentages count reported biological responses, not harmful outcomes or independent replications. Study quality and temperature controls were often insufficient, and the review cannot establish non-thermal harm or a meaningful overall safety verdict for 5G.", "topics": [ "5G research gaps", "Skin and eyes", "Exposure assessment" ], "exposures": [ "Millimetre waves", "6–100 GHz", "5G-related bands" ], "journal": "International journal of environmental research and public health", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183406", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540320/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6765906/" ], "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Primary metadata, abstract and selected original-text discussion/conclusion passages checked. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Myrtill Simkó; Mats-Olof Mattsson. 5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019. doi:10.3390/ijerph16183406.", "related_studies": [ "RF-021", "WEB-038", "WEB-055", "WEB-032", "WEB-033" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-024/", "year": 2019, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183406" }, { "id": "REV-027", "heading": "Health concerns across the wireless-radiation literature", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2019.00223", "title": "Risks to Health and Well-Being From Radio-Frequency Radiation Emitted by Cell Phones and Other Wireless Devices", "authors": [ "Anthony B Miller", "Margaret E Sears", "L Lloyd Morgan", "Devra L Davis", "Lennart Hardell", "Mark Oremus", "Colin L Soskolne" ], "author": "Miller et al.", "date": "2019-08-13", "kind": "Narrative review", "why": "A cross-topic review can help readers see why findings about tumours, reproduction and development are discussed together.", "scope": "Reviews human and animal evidence across cancer and non-cancer outcomes, with attention to children and reproductive health.", "summary": "Miller and colleagues connect epidemiological tumour associations, rodent cancer experiments and reproductive/developmental findings, arguing that the accumulated evidence warrants precaution and renewed evaluation.", "limitations": "A broad narrative synthesis, not a pooled estimate of risk. It combines different designs and exposure conditions; animal whole-body dosing, human use histories and absorbed doses are not interchangeable. Recommendations are the authors’ interpretation.", "topics": [ "Cancer", "Reproduction", "Neurodevelopment" ], "exposures": [ "Radiofrequency", "Mobile telephony", "Wi-Fi" ], "journal": "Frontiers in public health", "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00223", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31457001/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6701402/" ], "access_label": "Original-text passages checked", "source_check": "Primary metadata, abstract and selected original-text discussion/conclusion passages checked. Linked notice records checked on 21 October 2026.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Anthony B Miller; Margaret E Sears; L Lloyd Morgan; Devra L Davis; Lennart Hardell; Mark Oremus; Colin L Soskolne. Risks to Health and Well-Being From Radio-Frequency Radiation Emitted by Cell Phones and Other Wireless Devices. Frontiers in public health. 2019. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00223.", "related_studies": [ "RF-001", "RF-002", "RF-014", "RF-006", "RF-022" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-027/", "year": 2019, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00223" }, { "doi": "10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003", "title": "Comparing DNA damage induced by mobile telephony and other types of man-made electromagnetic fields", "authors": [ "Dimitris J Panagopoulos" ], "date": "2019-03-11", "issueYear": "2019", "why": "Comparing exposure patterns on the same biological endpoint can reveal differences hidden by the general label “EMF”.", "summary": "Reviews the author’s 2006–2016 Drosophila oogenesis experiments comparing DNA fragmentation under six EMF exposures; reports stronger effects with variable real mobile-phone signals.", "limitations": "Retrospective synthesis of one research programme, not independent replication or human disease evidence. Comparisons differ in physical exposure parameters.", "scope": "Compares experimental reports of DNA damage from mobile-telephony signals with other artificial EMF exposures, with attention to signal variability and experimental design.", "exposures": [ "Mobile telephony", "ELF magnetic fields" ], "journal": "Mutation research. Reviews in mutation research", "heading": "Mobile telephony and DNA damage: comparing the experiments", "id": "REV-001", "kind": "Narrative review", "topics": [ "DNA damage", "Signal variability" ], "links": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31416578/" ], "author": "Panagopoulos", "access_label": "Abstract checked", "source_check": "Original PubMed/EPMC metadata and abstract checked; full article not assessed. Linked PubMed/Europe PMC notice records checked on 21 October 2026; this is not a guarantee that every editorial update is indexed.", "notices": "", "notice_urls": [], "citation": "Dimitris J Panagopoulos. Comparing DNA damage induced by mobile telephony and other types of man-made electromagnetic fields. Mutation research. Reviews in mutation research. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003.", "related_studies": [ "RF-005", "RF-016", "RF-045" ], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/reviews/rev-001/", "year": 2019, "record_type": "review_or_mechanism", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003" } ]