[{"id": "RF-001", "author": "National Toxicology Program", "full_authors": "National Toxicology Program (NTP)", "year": "2018", "title": "NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies in Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD Rats Exposed to Whole-Body Radio Frequency Radiation at a Frequency (900 MHz) and Modulations (GSM and CDMA) Used by Cell Phones", "journal": "NTP Technical Report 595", "citation": "National Toxicology Program. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies in Hsd Sprague Dawley SD Rats Exposed to Whole-Body Radio Frequency Radiation at a Frequency of 900 MHz and Modulations GSM and CDMA Used by Cell Phones. Research Triangle Park NC: NIEHS; 2018. NTP TR 595. doi:10.22427/NTP-TR-595.", "doi": "10.22427/NTP-TR-595", "pmid": "33562898", "topic": "Tumours", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "900 MHz; whole-body SAR 1.5, 3 or 6 W/kg; 10 minutes on/10 minutes off; about 9 hours 10 minutes RF-on daily, prenatal to two years.", "design": "105 offspring per sex/group initially; 90 per sex/group in two-year pathology cohorts; shared sham controls.", "finding": "NTP classified male-rat heart schwannoma findings as clear evidence of carcinogenic activity for both GSM and CDMA. Counts were 0/90 sham versus 2/90, 1/90, 5/90 GSM and 2/90, 3/90, 6/90 CDMA.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Animal disease endpoints; these whole-body exposures are not ordinary handset use. Control and exposed survival differed; NTP used survival-adjusted analyses.", "related": "RF-002 is a separate laboratory programme. RF-005 uses interim animals from the NTP programme.", "protection_question": "How should a controlled animal finding of malignant heart tumours inform long-term human protection, given the differences in exposure, survival and species? It identifies a cancer hazard under these experimental conditions, not an everyday-use risk estimate.", "access": "Official full report consulted for current status, funding, contractor roles, pathology and peer review. Original final conclusions use clear evidence for male cardiac malignant schwannomas under both modulations; female findings are equivocal. Appendix L documents external peer review; the final categories replace draft categories, without implying a suppressed or secretly changed result.", "locator": "Report pp 66 and 103, Tables 20 and 47; pp xxiii-xxiv conclusions; p viii formatting statement; pp ix-xiii contributor roles; p xvi peer-review remit; p xviii acknowledgments; pp xxiii-xxiv/124 conclusions; Appendix L peer review.", "notice": "Current official PDF p viii states it was reformatted to meet new NTP publishing requirements and its content has not changed. Official report remains TR 595, November 2018; PubMed indexing in 2021 is not a new experiment. No correction, retraction or expression of concern located in official/PubMed and targeted DOI/title notice checks on 2026-10-20. The report's publication-details page prints NTP-TOX-595 in one DOI field; use NTP-TR-595 confirmed by official landing-page citation and PubMed.", "funding": "NIEHS/NIH Intramural Research Program ES103316, ES103318 and ES103319; performed for NTP/HHS under federal contracts listed in the original report acknowledgments, p xviii. IIT Research Institute conducted studies; IT'IS constructed/maintained exposure system; NIST independently validated that system. Affiliations and contractor roles are documented, not inferred financial conflicts.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-TR-595", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-TR-595 | https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/publications/reports/tr/tr595 | https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr595_508.pdf | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33562898/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Malignant heart tumours after long term exposure", "why_this_matters": "Male rats developed malignant tumours in cells that support nerves in the heart. The US government's finding raises a concrete question about long-term cancer protection. Translating this animal hazard to human exposure needs careful assessment; the experiment does not measure anyone's personal cancer risk.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-001/"}, {"id": "RF-002", "author": "Falcioni et al.", "full_authors": "L. Falcioni; L. Bua; E. Tibaldi; M. Lauriola; L. De Angelis; F. Gnudi; D. Mandrioli; M. Manservigi; F. Manservisi; I. Manzoli; I. Menghetti; R. Montella; S. Panzacchi; D. Sgargi; V. Strollo; A. Vornoli; F. Belpoggi", "year": "2018", "title": "Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission", "journal": "environmental research", "citation": "Falcioni L, Bua L, Tibaldi E, Lauriola M, De Angelis L, Gnudi F, Mandrioli D, Manservigi M, Manservisi F, Manzoli I, Menghetti I, Montella R, Panzacchi S, Sgargi D, Strollo V, Vornoli A, Belpoggi F. Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission. Environmental Research. 2018; 165: 496-503. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037.", "doi": "10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037", "pmid": "29530389", "topic": "Tumours", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "1835 MHz GSM/GMSK, full time-slot assignment; far-field 0/5/25/50 V/m, 19 h/day, gestational day 12 to natural death. Estimated whole-body SAR 0/0.001/0.03/0.1 W/kg; coupling-factor estimate, not individual/organ dosimetry.", "design": "2448 Sprague-Dawley rats; male n=412/401/209/207, female n=405/410/202/202 in ascending field groups. Sham; blinded pathology, blinded NTP second-opinion review. Tumour incidence Fisher/chi-square; Cochran-Armitage trend; survival separately Kaplan-Meier/log-rank/Cox.", "finding": "Male cardiac schwannomas: 0/412, 3/401, 1/209, 3/207; highest group p≤.05, Fisher. Female cardiac schwannomas: 4/405, 9/410, 1/202, 2/202. Female malignant glial tumours: 2/405, 3/410, 2/202, 3/202; nonsignificant. Hyperplasia increases were nonsignificant. Authors reported no survival difference.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Sparse events; highest-dose male comparison drives significance. Tumour tests not survival-adjusted; one room/intensity; litter assignment. Rat SAR cannot certify human-limit compliance.", "related": "Separate exposure/animal programme from NTP RF-001, with NTP pathology collaboration; Brooks 2024 reuses these tissues. Soffritti 2019 mini-review repeats results, not another bioassay.", "protection_question": "What does convergence on a rare heart tumour across different lifetime exposure arrangements mean for chronic protection? Sparse events, shared pathology expertise and estimated rat doses limit the inference; numerical SAR alone cannot answer it.", "access": "Original published 8-page PDF: methods, results, Tables 1-3, Fig 3 and funding reviewed; metadata independently checked with Scite/PubMed.", "locator": "pp 497-499 §§2.1, 2.3-2.6; p 500 Fig 3; p 501 Table 2; p 502 Table 3/funding.", "notice": "Scite metadata and PubMed relations checked 2026-10-20: no correction/retraction/concern located. PubMed links 2020 statistical-reappraisal comment (10.1016/j.envres.2020.110233) and 2021 response (10.1016/j.envres.2021.111067); these are comments, not notices.", "funding": "RI; ARPA Emilia-Romagna; Children With Cancer UK; Cassa di Risparmio Bologna; INAIL; P.E.I.; Fondazione del Monte Bologna/Ravenna; Environmental Health Trust. Authors report no conflict; funders no direct study/publication role.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflicts or competing interests, as documented in the retrieved source disclosure.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29530389/ | https://www.legambiente.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/FALCIONI-L-et-al_2018_EnvironRes.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Heart tumours in a separate lifetime rat programme", "why_this_matters": "A separate lifetime study found more of the same rare heart tumour in male rats at its highest exposure. That convergence deserves attention when considering cancer protection, even though the experiments differed and shared pathology expertise. The finding cannot establish a safe or unsafe human exposure level.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-002/"}, {"id": "RF-003", "author": "Lerchl et al.", "full_authors": "Alexander Lerchl; Melanie Klose; Karen Grote; Adalbert F.X. Wilhelm; Oliver Spathmann; Thomas Fiedler; Joachim Streckert; Volkert Hansen; Markus Clemens", "year": "2015", "title": "Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for humans", "journal": "biochemical and biophysical research communications", "citation": "Lerchl A, Klose M, Grote K, Wilhelm AFX, Spathmann O, Fiedler T, Streckert J, Hansen V, Clemens M. Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for humans. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2015; 459(4): 585-590. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.151.", "doi": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.151", "pmid": "25749340", "topic": "Tumours", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "UMTS; nominal whole-body SAR 0/0.04/0.4/2 W/kg, gestational day 6 onward; maternal ENU 40 mg/kg injection on day 14; 23.5 h/day for 72 weeks. Freely moving three-mouse cages; reference 20 g/mouse.", "design": "96 female B6C3F1 offspring/group; four ENU groups plus 96 untreated cage controls. Examined organ denominators 91-96. Blinded exposure codes; 107 pathology slides cross-checked externally; Helicobacter PCR negative.", "finding": "At 0.04 W/kg, lung adenomas 43/94 vs 22/96 sham (p<.001), liver carcinomas 28/93 vs 13/96 (p<.01). At 0.4 W/kg, lymphoma 23/96 vs 9/96 (p<.01), lung carcinoma 92/96 vs 81/96 (p<.01). One-tailed Fisher tests; no monotonic dose-response; survival unaffected by RF.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "ENU coexposure; no RF-only experimental group. SAR variability 36% in reference configuration, 30-91% within cages; local maxima 3-5 times whole-body SAR. High-dose amplifier problem for 20 days; terminal sacrifices differed 1-2 weeks. Not a human compliance test.", "related": "Replication/extension of RF-004 in different biology laboratory, with shared engineering investigators Streckert/Hansen and similar waveguide programme. Klose 2015 dissertation is related reporting. Lerchl 2020 adduct follow-up is a distinct mechanistic experiment, not tumour replication.", "protection_question": "Could RF exposure modify tumour development in an already initiated animal? The nonmonotonic findings and variable absorbed dose leave that question distinct from RF-alone cancer initiation or a human exposure threshold.", "access": "Six-page original proof dated 10 March 2015 reviewed, including Table 1; final citation confirmed with Scite/PubMed. Supplements not independently retrieved.", "locator": "Proof pp 2-3, sections 2.1-2.4/Table 1; p 4 results; p 5 limitations/funding.", "notice": "No correction/retraction/concern located in Scite/PubMed checks 2026-10-20. Nesslany 2015 DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.114 is a comment.", "funding": "German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), which defined principal design with author; authors declare no conflicts.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflicts or competing interests, as documented in the retrieved source disclosure.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.151", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.151 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25749340/ | https://andybromberg.com/assets/pdf/lerchl-2015.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "More tumours in chemically initiated mice", "why_this_matters": "In mice given a cancer-causing chemical, some RF-exposed groups developed more tumours. The study raises a health-protection question about combined exposures and susceptibility: could the response depend on an existing biological vulnerability? It cannot show what RF alone would do, and the pattern did not rise steadily with dose.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-003/"}, {"id": "RF-004", "author": "Tillmann et al.", "full_authors": "Thomas Tillmann; Heinrich Ernst; Joachim Streckert; Yi Zhou; Felicitas Taugner; Volkert Hansen; Clemens Dasenbrock", "year": "2010", "title": "Indication of cocarcinogenic potential of chronic UMTS-modulated radiofrequency exposure in an ethylnitrosourea mouse model", "journal": "international journal of radiation biology", "citation": "Tillmann T, Ernst H, Streckert J, Zhou Y, Taugner F, Hansen V, Dasenbrock C. Indication of cocarcinogenic potential of chronic UMTS-modulated radiofrequency exposure in an ethylnitrosourea mouse model. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2010; 86(7): 529-541. doi:10.3109/09553001003734501.", "doi": "10.3109/09553001003734501", "pmid": "20545575", "topic": "Tumours", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "1966 MHz generic UMTS; 4.8 W/m² plus maternal ENU 40 mg/kg on gestational day 14; RF from gestational day 6, 20 h/day, 7 days/week. Separate 48 W/m² RF-only group. Whole-body SAR varies with size/posture/cage; a single 0.4 W/kg value requires qualification.", "design": "Female B6C3F1 offspring: 60 ENU, 60 ENU+RF, 60 cage controls, 54 sham, 57 RF-only. ENU groups terminated at week 75 after mortality exceeded 75%; other groups continued up to 24 months.", "finding": "ENU+RF lung carcinoma 45/58 vs 33/60 ENU-only (p<.05); multiple lung carcinoma 39/58 vs 18/60 (p<.001), two-tailed Fisher. Lung adenoma/carcinoma combined 50/58 vs 42/60 (p<.05). ENU-group survival comparable.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Pilot: one sex/one ENU+RF intensity, limited protocol organs. Retrospective Helicobacter evidence led authors to exclude liver findings from interpretation. Metastases 15/58 vs 7/60 were not marked significant. Body-temperature checks were prestudy, not throughout pregnant/pup exposure.", "related": "Fraunhofer ITEM/Hannover-Wuppertal experiment behind RF-003; the 2008 Reproductive Toxicology abstract (10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.05.039) appears to be precursor reporting, not another study.", "protection_question": "Does the lung-tumour increase reflect a reproducible interaction with chemical initiation? The infection-limited liver interpretation cannot supply equivalent support. This is a combined-exposure question, not evidence of RF-alone tumour causation.", "access": "Full 13-page original reviewed: Tables I-VII, methods/results/limitations and funding.", "locator": "pp 531-533 methods; p 534 survival; p 535 Tables I-II; pp 536-537 Tables IV-VII; pp 538-539 limitations.", "notice": "Scite/PubMed and targeted title/DOI notice searches 2026-10-20: no correction/retraction/concern located.", "funding": "Compagnia di San Paolo, grant 11581/23718; no conflicts declared.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflicts or competing interests, as documented in the retrieved source disclosure.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/09553001003734501", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3109/09553001003734501 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20545575/ | https://andybromberg.com/assets/pdf/tillman-2010.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Earlier experiment behind the tumour promotion finding", "why_this_matters": "The lung findings helped prompt the later experiment in RF-003 . They matter because protecting health includes understanding how exposures act together. Evidence of infection complicated interpretation of the liver results, so the strongest point here is the lung-cancer comparison in chemically treated mice.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-004/"}, {"id": "RF-005", "author": "Smith-Roe et al.", "full_authors": "Stephanie L. Smith-Roe; Michael E. Wyde; Matthew D. Stout; John W. Winters; Cheryl A. Hobbs; Kim G. Shepard; Amanda S. Green; Grace E. Kissling; Keith R. Shockley; Raymond R. Tice; John R. Bucher; Kristine L. Witt", "year": "2020", "title": "Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cell phone radiofrequency radiation in male and female rats and mice following subchronic exposure", "journal": "environmental and molecular mutagenesis", "citation": "Smith-Roe SL, Wyde ME, Stout MD, Winters JW, Hobbs CA, Shepard KG, Green AS, Kissling GE, Shockley KR, Tice RR, Bucher JR, Witt KL. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cell phone radiofrequency radiation in male and female rats and mice following subchronic exposure. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2020;61(2):276-290. doi:10.1002/em.22343.", "doi": "10.1002/em.22343", "pmid": "31633839", "topic": "DNA and cell responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "Rats: 900 MHz, 1.5-6 W/kg, about 19 weeks; mice: 1900 MHz, 2.5-10 W/kg, 14 weeks; GSM/CDMA.", "design": "Five animals per sex/dose/modulation for genotoxicity; 100- and 150-cell analyses reported.", "finding": "Comet assays found increased DNA damage in male-mouse frontal cortex, female-mouse blood and male-rat hippocampus under specified conditions. Micronucleus assays were negative.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Hippocampal significance depended on cell-scoring approach. Pilot work informed temperature limits; temperature was not monitored during this genotoxicity experiment.", "related": "NTP interim cohort, not an independent laboratory replication of RF-001.", "protection_question": "Do the tissue-specific DNA-test changes persist or connect to disease? Their significance depends on assay agreement and downstream function. Shared NTP animals and programme links do not provide independent confirmation of the cancer finding.", "access": "Original indexed methods/results reviewed in earlier verification work; discussion/disclosures rechecked", "locator": "Results and Discussion; figure captions; statistical methods", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "NTP contracts HHSN291200555544, N01-ES-35514 and HHSN273201300009C; NIH NIEHS intramural programme ZIA ES103316-04.", "conflicts": "Authors state no competing financial interests.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22343", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22343 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31633839/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "DNA damage in selected rodent tissues", "why_this_matters": "DNA carries the instructions cells need to function. This NTP experiment found more DNA damage in particular rodent tissues using one test, while another test was negative. Whether these changes persist and help explain disease remains important. This shared programme is distinct from independent confirmation.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-005/"}, {"id": "RF-006", "author": "De Iuliis et al.", "full_authors": "Geoffry N. De Iuliis; Rhiannon J. Newey; Bruce V. King; R. John Aitken", "year": "2009", "title": "Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage in Human Spermatozoa In Vitro", "journal": "plos one", "citation": "De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ. Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage in Human Spermatozoa In Vitro. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(7):e6446. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0006446", "pmid": "19649291", "topic": "Reproduction", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "1.8 GHz; 0.4-27.5 W/kg in vitro; 16 hours at 21 C.", "design": "22 normozoospermic donors supplied the sample pool. Figures 1-5 each use three biological replicates, per 2013 correction, not 22 independent replicates per SAR. Controls outside the waveguide;16 h at 21°C; separate heating experiment.", "finding": "At 1 W/kg, human sperm vitality fell from 89% to 65% and motility from 86% to 68%. Oxidative DNA damage and fragmentation became significant at 2.8 W/kg and above.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "An in-vitro functional and DNA endpoint, not a human infertility incidence study. Culture SAR cannot be treated as a human local-SAR compliance test.", "related": "RF-007 and RF-008 extend the Newcastle research lineage; not independent research networks.", "protection_question": "Do the sperm changes seen in these culture conditions occur within the body and affect reproductive outcomes? Movement, viability and DNA integrity are relevant endpoints, but this isolated-cell experiment cannot establish infertility.", "access": "Original full text and publisher correction independently rechecked.", "locator": "Figures 2, 4 and 5; correction to Figure 1 and all figure legends", "notice": "2013 correction DOI 10.1371/annotation/9a8a0172-3850-4059-b852-72c330769c1b: Figures 1-5 n=3, not 4. Figure 1D mitochondrial ROS 28±1% exposed versus 5±1% control, P=.0056.", "funding": "ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development CE0348239 and NHMRC Program Grant 494802; funders reported no role.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no competing interests.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006446", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006446 | https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/9a8a0172-3850-4059-b852-72c330769c1b | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19649291/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Reduced sperm function and oxidative DNA damage in vitro", "why_this_matters": "Movement and DNA integrity matter to sperm function. This laboratory study of isolated human sperm reported impaired movement and survival, with DNA damage at higher exposures. It identifies specific reproductive endpoints worth examining, while leaving open whether comparable injury occurs in the body or affects fertility.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-006/"}, {"id": "RF-007", "author": "Houston et al.", "full_authors": "Brendan J. Houston; Brett Nixon; Kristen E. McEwan; Jacinta H. Martin; Bruce V. King; R. John Aitken; Geoffry N. De Iuliis", "year": "2019", "title": "Whole-body exposures to radiofrequency-electromagnetic energy can cause DNA damage in mouse spermatozoa via an oxidative mechanism", "journal": "scientific reports", "citation": "Houston BJ, Nixon B, McEwan KE, Martin JH, King BV, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN. Whole-body exposures to radiofrequency-electromagnetic energy can cause DNA damage in mouse spermatozoa via an oxidative mechanism. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):17478. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53983-9.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-019-53983-9", "pmid": "31767903", "topic": "Reproduction", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "905 MHz; reported whole-body SAR 2.2 W/kg; 12 hours/day for 1, 3 or 5 weeks.", "design": "Sham, untreated and RF groups. Figure 5 sperm function n=5-8 mice/group; Figure 7 fragmentation n=5-8, comet n=3, 8-OHdG n=3-5; testis histology n=3. Exposure was 905 MHz, whole-body SAR 2.2 W/kg, 12 h/day for 1/3/5 weeks.", "finding": "After five weeks, exposed mice had lower sperm vitality and motility and increased sperm DNA fragmentation. Oxidative DNA-base damage increased across exposure periods.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Fertilisation and blastocyst development were not impaired in the study. The affirmative claim concerns sperm damage, not a demonstrated loss of fertility.", "related": "Same Newcastle research network as RF-006/RF-008; distinct animal experiment.", "protection_question": "Can sperm functional and DNA changes have consequences beyond the measured period? Fertilisation and early embryo development were not impaired here, so cellular injury and demonstrated reproductive impairment remain separate questions.", "access": "Original full text through Scite and PMC XML rechecked for replicates/disclosures.", "locator": "Figures 5,7,8; Methods; Acknowledgments.", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "NHMRC Australia APP1156997 to G.N.De Iuliis,B.Nixon,B.V.King and R.J.Aitken; B.Houston Australian Postgraduate Award scholarship.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no competing interests.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53983-9", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53983-9 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31767903/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Sperm damage after whole body exposure of mice", "why_this_matters": "This experiment moved beyond sperm in a dish: mice received whole-body exposure for weeks. Their sperm showed functional and DNA damage, yet fertilisation and early embryo development were not impaired. That combination makes sperm injury worth examining carefully without treating it as demonstrated infertility.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-007/"}, {"id": "RF-008", "author": "Houston et al.", "full_authors": "Brendan J. Houston; Brett Nixon; Bruce V. King; R. John Aitken; Geoffry N. De Iuliis", "year": "2018", "title": "Probing the Origins of 1,800 MHz Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Damage in Mouse Immortalized Germ Cells and Spermatozoa in vitro", "journal": "frontiers in public health", "citation": "Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN. Probing the Origins of 1,800 MHz Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Damage in Mouse Immortalized Germ Cells and Spermatozoa in vitro. Frontiers in Public Health. 2018;6:270. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00270.", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2018.00270", "pmid": "30298125", "topic": "Reproduction", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "Continuous-wave 1.8 GHz; main protocol 0.15 W/kg, with 1.5 W/kg supplementary comparison. Germ cells up to 6 h; mature sperm up to 4 h; culture maintained at 23°C. Thermal-probe/numerical SAR calibration.", "design": "Cell lines and primary spermatogonia versus somatic cells; mature caudal sperm from three mice per assay, at least three independent replicates. Electron-transport inhibitors and complementary ROS/DNA/function assays.", "finding": "At0.15 W/kg, mitochondrial ROS rose in GC1/GC2 cells and primary spermatogonia. Mature sperm did not show elevated real-time ROS, but alkaline comet fragmentation increased approximately 20% at 3 h (P<.05; no longer significant 4 h),8-OHdG increased 4 h, and total motility fell from 46% to 35% at 4 h (P<.05). Halo assay was negative.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Cell-stage/assay/time dependence is material: no significant exposure-induced germ-cell-line DNA fragmentation, no exposure-related mature-sperm real-time ROS/lipid peroxidation or vitality effect; comet signal transient and halo negative. Small n and nonphysiological culture; no clinical fertility endpoint or human-limit compliance inference.", "related": "Newcastle programme with RF-006/007; distinct experiments but one research network.", "protection_question": "Which reproductive-cell stages and exposure durations are vulnerable, and do the measured changes persist? Differences between assays and time points matter; this related laboratory programme does not establish a human fertility effect.", "access": "Full original methods/results, Figures 1-8, supplements and disclosures rechecked through PMC XML.", "locator": "Results/Figure 1; mature-sperm Results and Figures 5-8; SupplementalFigure 1; Funding.", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Australian Research Council Discovery Project DP110103951 to R.J.Aitken and B.V.King; B.Houston Australian Postgraduate Award PhD scholarship.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no commercial/financial relationships construed as conflicts.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00270", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00270 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6160547/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30298125/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Cell-stage differences plus transient mature-sperm DNA damage and motility loss", "why_this_matters": "Sperm at different stages did not respond alike. In mature mouse sperm, one DNA test changed temporarily and movement declined, while another DNA test was negative. For health protection, the important question is which responses persist and affect reproduction under realistic conditions, rather than whether any laboratory marker changes.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-008/"}, {"id": "RF-009", "author": "Choi and Min et al.", "full_authors": "Jisu Choi; Kyeongrae Min; Sangbong Jeon; Nam Kim; Jeong-Ki Pack; Kiwon Song", "year": "2020", "title": "Continuous Exposure to 1.7 GHz LTE Electromagnetic Fields Increases Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species to Decrease Human Cell Proliferation and Induce Senescence", "journal": "scientific reports", "citation": "Choi J, Min K, Jeon S, Kim N, Pack JK, Song K. Continuous Exposure to 1.7 GHz LTE Electromagnetic Fields Increases Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species to Decrease Human Cell Proliferation and Induce Senescence. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):9238. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65732-4.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-020-65732-4", "pmid": "32514068", "topic": "DNA and cell responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "1.7 GHz LTE; culture SAR 1 or 2 W/kg; 72 hours.", "design": "Several human cell types; generally at least three independent experiments; calibrated radial-transmission exposure system and refrigerated water cooling.", "finding": "Continuous 72-h LTE exposure reduced proliferation across normal and cancer-derived human cultures. ROS and senescence increased; antioxidant NAC partly restored proliferation. Assayed DNA-double-strand-break and apoptotic markers did not increase.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Culture response, not clinical injury. Proliferation inhibition in cancer and normal cells has different implications. Culture SAR is not a human compliance test. Experimental blinding was not established in the retrieved text.", "related": "Separate Korean research network from Newcastle sperm work.", "protection_question": "Could persistent cellular stress and arrested growth impair normal tissue function? The different responses of normal and cancer cells, and the unchanged measured DNA-break and apoptosis markers, constrain a general injury claim.", "access": "Original indexed results/methods and figure captions rechecked; publisher funding disclosure located", "locator": "Results and Figures 3-8; Materials and Methods exposure calibration; Acknowledgements", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Korean NRF Bio and Medical Technology Development Program NRF-2016M3A9C6918275; Korea Mobile EMF consortium; Choi partially supported by BK21 PLUS.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved disclosure material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65732-4", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65732-4 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-65732-4 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32514068/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Oxidative stress and reduced growth in human cell cultures", "why_this_matters": "Human cells grown in the laboratory showed chemical stress and multiplied less readily during prolonged LTE exposure. They also showed signs of senescence, a state of arrested cell growth. Whether such responses can impair normal tissue function remains unresolved; the study did not demonstrate disease in people.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-009/"}, {"id": "RF-010", "author": "Regel et al.", "full_authors": "SABINE J. REGEL; GILBERTE TINGUELY; JÜRGEN SCHUDERER; MARTIN ADAM; NIELS KUSTER; HANS-PETER LANDOLT; PETER ACHERMANN", "year": "2007", "title": "Pulsed radio-frequency electromagnetic fields: dose-dependent effects on sleep, the sleep EEG and cognitive performance", "journal": "journal of sleep research", "citation": "REGEL SJ, TINGUELY G, SCHUDERER J, ADAM M, KUSTER N, LANDOLT HP, ACHERMANN P. Pulsed radio-frequency electromagnetic fields: dose-dependent effects on sleep, the sleep EEG and cognitive performance. Journal of Sleep Research. 2007;16(3):253-258. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00603.x.", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00603.x", "pmid": "17716273", "topic": "Brain activity and sleep", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "900 MHz pulse-modulated signal; 0.2 or 5 W/kg peak SAR averaged over 10 g; 30 minutes before sleep.", "design": "15 healthy men; randomised double-blind crossover, one week between sessions.", "finding": "A significant exposure-level trend occurred in fast spindle EEG power and 1-back task speed. Only the 5 W/kg EEG condition differed significantly from sham in the separate post-hoc comparison.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "The 0.2 W/kg condition alone is not a demonstrated harmful threshold. Sleep architecture was unchanged; some cognitive outcomes improved.", "related": "Zurich programme; RF-012 related. A physiological response is not equivalent to diagnosed disease.", "protection_question": "Does a reproducible change in sleeping brain activity affect sleep quality or next-day function? A dose-related EEG response without demonstrated sleep impairment does not itself identify a harmful exposure level.", "access": "Full indexed article body reviewed", "locator": "Results; Figures 1-3; Table 1 dosimetry caption", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00603.x", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00603.x | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17716273/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Exposure related changes in sleep EEG", "why_this_matters": "Electrical recordings can reveal brain responses that a person may not feel. In this small blinded study, the clearest sleep-brainwave change occurred at the higher exposure; sleep structure was unchanged. Its contribution is a measurable response whose significance for sleep and health still needs to be established.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-010/"}, {"id": "RF-011", "author": "Wallace et al.", "full_authors": "Jasmina Wallace; Wendi Shang; Christophe Gitton; Laurent Hugueville; Lydia Yahia-Cherif; Brahim Selmaoui", "year": "2023", "title": "Theta band brainwaves in human resting EEG modulated by mobile phone radiofrequency", "journal": "international journal of radiation biology", "citation": "Wallace J, Shang W, Gitton C, Hugueville L, Yahia-Cherif L, Selmaoui B. Theta band brainwaves in human resting EEG modulated by mobile phone radiofrequency. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2023;99(10):1639-1647. doi:10.1080/09553002.2023.2187477.", "doi": "10.1080/09553002.2023.2187477", "pmid": "36867417", "topic": "Brain activity and sleep", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "900 MHz GSM; maximum reported 0.70 W/kg over 1 g, 0.49 W/kg over 10 g; about 25.5 minutes.", "design": "21 healthy adults; randomised counterbalanced double-blind crossover; interference checks.", "finding": "Theta EEG power decreased with eyes open and increased with eyes closed during real versus sham exposure. Theta effects survived cluster-based multiple-comparison testing.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Objective electrophysiology, not evidence of clinical injury. Formal FCC-compliance equivalence still requires the complete exposure definition.", "related": "Secondary analysis of the earlier Wallace programme; publications from the same participants are one experiment.", "protection_question": "What does this state-dependent brainwave response mean for function? Objective physiology can help define the question, but independent confirmation and a link to an adverse outcome remain missing.", "access": "Full indexed article body reviewed", "locator": "Methods b-c; Results b; Figures 5-6", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2023.2187477", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2023.2187477 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36867417/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Brainwave changes in a blinded human experiment", "why_this_matters": "The brain's response differed depending on whether participants' eyes were open or closed. Because exposure and sham sessions were blinded, this is a useful objective observation. Whether these brainwave changes affect function remains unresolved; the recording itself does not show injury.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-011/"}, {"id": "RF-012", "author": "Huber et al.", "full_authors": "R. Huber; V. Treyer; A. A. Borbély; J. Schuderer; J. M. Gottselig; H.-P. Landolt; E. Werth; T. Berthold; N. Kuster; A. Buck; P. Achermann", "year": "2002", "title": "Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG", "journal": "journal of sleep research", "citation": "Huber R, Treyer V, Borbély AA, Schuderer J, Gottselig JM, Landolt HP, Werth E, Berthold T, Kuster N, Buck A, Achermann P. Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG. Journal of Sleep Research. 2002;11(4):289-295. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00314.x.", "doi": "10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00314.x", "pmid": "12464096", "topic": "Brain activity and sleep", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "900 MHz; 30-minute head exposure.", "design": "Human PET and sleep-EEG experiments.", "finding": "The original abstract reports pulse-modulated exposure altered regional cerebral blood flow and waking/sleep EEG; continuous-wave exposure did not produce the same EEG result.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Retrieve full methods before quoting precise sample/dosimetry details; physiological outcomes are not disease endpoints.", "related": "RF-010 and other Zurich publications require cohort linkage", "protection_question": "Could signal modulation help explain differences in brain responses? Full methods and delivered-dose details remain necessary before the abstract-level result can inform a protection conclusion.", "access": "Original abstract reviewed", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00314.x", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00314.x | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12464096/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Pulse modulation and regional blood flow", "why_this_matters": "The way a radio signal is delivered may matter as well as its frequency. This human study's abstract reports different brainwave responses to pulsed and continuous signals, alongside blood-flow changes. Full methods still need review before drawing dose conclusions; the observation points to waveform as a health-assessment question.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-012/"}, {"id": "RF-013", "author": "Hutter et al.", "full_authors": "H-P Hutter; H Moshammer; P Wallner; M Kundi", "year": "2006", "title": "Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations", "journal": "occupational and environmental medicine", "citation": "Hutter HP, Moshammer H, Wallner P, Kundi M. Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2006;63(5):307-313. doi:10.1136/oem.2005.020784.", "doi": "10.1136/oem.2005.020784", "pmid": "16621850", "topic": "Symptoms and measured exposure", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "Predominantly 900-MHz GSM base stations; measured 80 MHz-2 GHz spectrum. Maximum base-station exposure estimated from broadcast channels; categories 0.5 mW/m2; maximum estimate 4.1 mW/m2.", "design": "Austrian cross-sectional study; 365 adults, 336 with usable household measurements near ten selected base stations. Logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, region, phone use and fear of adverse effects.", "finding": "Headache prevalence odds were elevated in the highest estimated bedroom base-station category (>0.5 versus <0.1 mW/m2): adjusted estimate 3.06 (95% CI 1.22-7.67). Sleep quality was not significantly associated with measured exposure.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Association based on symptom reports and one bedroom measurement visit; temporality, residual confounding and selection remain unresolved. No multiple-testing correction. Table calls these relative risks, but methods use logistic regression; do not interpret as prospective incidence risk.", "related": "Measured environmental fields, distinct from handset call-history studies and from controlled provocation.", "protection_question": "Are the reported headaches related to exposure over time, or to factors this cross-sectional design could not resolve? Adjusted symptom associations matter, but a single measurement visit cannot establish a causal threshold.", "access": "Original published PDF methods, Table 4, discussion and disclosures reviewed", "locator": "pp.309-310 methods and Table 4; p.312 acknowledgements and competing interests", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Scientific Medical Funds of the Mayor of Vienna; Government of Carinthia.", "conflicts": "Authors state none.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2005.020784", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2005.020784 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2092490/ | https://www.radiationresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2006_hutter.pdf | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16621850/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Symptoms associated with measured bedroom fields", "why_this_matters": "A study of people's homes linked higher estimated base-station fields with more reported headaches, even after adjustment for concern about exposure. This is a reason to investigate symptoms with repeated measurements over time. A single household visit cannot establish whether RF caused the headaches or identify a symptom threshold.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-013/"}, {"id": "RF-014", "author": "Coureau et al.", "full_authors": "Gaëlle Coureau; Ghislaine Bouvier; Pierre Lebailly; Pascale Fabbro-Peray; Anne Gruber; Karen Leffondre; Jean-Sebastien Guillamo; Hugues Loiseau; Simone Mathoulin-Pélissier; Roger Salamon; Isabelle Baldi", "year": "2014", "title": "Mobile phone use and brain tumours in the CERENAT case-control study", "journal": "occupational and environmental medicine", "citation": "Coureau G, Bouvier G, Lebailly P, Fabbro-Peray P, Gruber A, Leffondre K, Guillamo JS, Loiseau H, Mathoulin-Pélissier S, Salamon R, Baldi I. Mobile phone use and brain tumours in the CERENAT case-control study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2014;71(7):514-522. doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101754.", "doi": "10.1136/oemed-2013-101754", "pmid": "24816517", "topic": "Human tumour associations", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "Recalled mobile-phone use; regular use >=one call weekly for >=six months. Main analyses exclude use in the year before diagnosis; categories based on control distribution, highest >=90th percentile.", "design": "France 2004-2006; 253 gliomas, 194 meningiomas, 892 matched controls. Conditional logistic models: glioma adjusted for education and ionising radiation; meningioma for education. Exposure-variable sample sizes vary.", "finding": "In the >=896-h recalled cumulative-call category, adjusted ORs were 2.89 (95% CI 1.41-5.93) for glioma (24 cases/22 controls in category) and 2.57 (1.02-6.44) for meningioma (13/9). Regular use overall was not significantly associated with either tumour.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Retrospective case-control association, with recall/selection bias, proxy interviews, small extreme-use cells and multiple analyses. Call duration is not absorbed dose; no harmful SAR threshold follows. Main Table 3 estimates are distinct from later laterality recalculations.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Does the heavy-use association reflect a real cancer risk or biases in recalled use and participation? It raises a long-term exposure question without converting reported call time into absorbed dose.", "access": "Original article PDF methods, Tables 2-4 and disclosures reviewed; journal final metadata verified", "locator": "Original online-first PDF pp.2-3 methods; p.5 Table 3 with covariates; p.6 Table 4; p.8 funding", "notice": "No formal retraction/concern located in Scite and targeted publisher/DOI search. Author response DOI 10.1136/oemed-2014-102649 revisits laterality analysis; no revised laterality estimate is used here.", "funding": "Fondation de France; AFSSET; Association pour la Recherche contre le Cancer; Ligue contre le Cancer; INSERM ATC Environnement et Sante.", "conflicts": "Authors state none.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101754", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101754 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24816517/ | https://sageliving.us/wp-content/uploads/9-Coureau-2014-CERENET.pdf | https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102649", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Heavy phone use categories in CERENAT", "why_this_matters": "People reporting the heaviest lifetime phone use had higher odds of two types of diagnosed brain tumour in this French study. Regular use overall showed no significant association. Better exposure histories could help clarify the heavy-use finding, because memory and participation biases can distort such comparisons.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-014/"}, {"id": "RF-015", "author": "INTERPHONE Study Group", "full_authors": "The INTERPHONE Study Group", "year": "2010", "title": "Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study", "journal": "international journal of epidemiology", "citation": "The INTERPHONE Study Group. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;39(3):675-694. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq079.", "doi": "10.1093/ije/dyq079", "pmid": "20483835", "topic": "Human tumour associations", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Interview-based lifetime handset-use histories across 13 countries; no measured individual SAR.", "design": "2708 glioma and 2409 meningioma cases with matched controls; original abstract and PubMed linked-notice record checked.", "finding": "Original abstract: highest recalled call-time decile (>=1640 h) had glioma OR 1.40 (95% CI 1.03-1.89), while regular use overall and >=10 years since first use did not show increased risk. Authors state biases and errors prevent causal interpretation.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Implausible reported use in the highest decile, participation bias and recall error materially qualify the positive stratum. Do not count country analyses as independent cohorts.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Can the highest-use association be separated from reporting error and selection bias? Shared national and pooled participants must remain visible when judging corroboration; this record does not establish a causal human cancer estimate.", "access": "Original abstract and primary PubMed publication/erratum linkage reviewed; full methods not re-audited", "locator": "Original abstract Results and Conclusions; PubMed PMID 20483835 Erratum in", "notice": "PubMed lists a 2012 erratum correcting collaborator Montestrucq's name. Scite incorrectly labels dyq082 as an erratum: dyq082 is Saracci/Samet commentary; its own correction is dyq135. No quantitative tumour correction inferred.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq079", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq079 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20483835/ | https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq082 | https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq135", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Highest cumulative use category in INTERPHONE", "why_this_matters": "The highest reported call-time group had elevated odds of glioma, a type of brain tumour, in this international study. The authors could not interpret that association as causal because of bias and reporting errors. It highlights why the heaviest-use histories need close scrutiny and better exposure verification.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-015/"}, {"id": "RF-016", "author": "Schwarz et al.", "full_authors": "Claudia Schwarz; Elisabeth Kratochvil; Alexander Pilger; Niels Kuster; Franz Adlkofer; Hugo W. Rüdiger", "year": "2008", "title": "Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (UMTS, 1,950 MHz) induce genotoxic effects in vitro in human fibroblasts but not in lymphocytes", "journal": "international archives of occupational and environmental health", "citation": "Schwarz C, Kratochvil E, Pilger A, Kuster N, Adlkofer F, Rüdiger HW. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (UMTS, 1,950 MHz) induce genotoxic effects in vitro in human fibroblasts but not in lymphocytes. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2008;81(6):755-767. doi:10.1007/s00420-008-0305-5.", "doi": "10.1007/s00420-008-0305-5", "pmid": "18278508", "topic": "DNA and cell responses", "verification_group": "Editorial notice flagged", "record_role": "Notice flagged retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "1950 MHz UMTS; detailed low-SAR values in discovery dossier not yet rechecked.", "design": "In-vitro human cells.", "finding": "Publisher abstract reports comet/micronucleus increases in human fibroblasts, but no lymphocyte effect. Quantitative dose claims are not used in the report pending a full methods and editorial-history audit.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Publisher explicitly links an Expression of concern. Do not use as central evidence of genotoxicity, human injury or below-limit effects; no allegation about individual conduct is inferred.", "related": "", "protection_question": "The unresolved editorial concern limits the confidence this cell-DNA result can carry. Its publication history remains available for scrutiny, but it cannot underpin the central health-protection argument.", "access": "Original publisher abstract and linked editorial-notice metadata checked; full original and notice body not obtained", "locator": "Publisher article page linked Editorial and abstract; notice page title, date and original-article link", "notice": "Drexler H, Schaller KH. Expression of concern. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2009;82:143-144; published online 11 Oct 2008. DOI 10.1007/s00420-008-0360-y. Publisher links notice to this paper; Scite did not surface it.", "funding": "Publisher acknowledgements: Austrian Workers Compensation Board, Verum Foundation and Austrian Science Fund FWF P18984-B09.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0305-5", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0305-5 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00420-008-0305-5 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0360-y | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18278508/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Different genotoxic responses across human cell types", "why_this_matters": "This paper carries an editorial Expression of Concern. Its reported cell-DNA findings therefore cannot serve as a firm foundation for a health claim here. The record keeps the result and warning together so readers can inspect the publication history; the notice's full explanation was not obtained.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-016/"}, {"id": "RF-017", "author": "Agarwal et al.", "full_authors": "Ashok Agarwal; Nisarg R. Desai; Kartikeya Makker; Alex Varghese; Rand Mouradi; Edmund Sabanegh; Rakesh Sharma", "year": "2009", "title": "Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study", "journal": "fertility and sterility", "citation": "Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, Sharma R. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertility and Sterility. 2009;92(4):1318-1325. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022.", "doi": "10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022", "pmid": "18804757", "topic": "Reproduction", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "850 MHz talk-mode phone for one hour; reported device SAR 1.46 W/kg.", "design": "Paired semen aliquots.", "finding": "Discovery dossier reports lower motility/viability and higher ROS in exposed aliquots.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Device rating is not established sample SAR. Do not label this below FCC limits from that number.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Could the reported semen changes persist under verified sample exposure and temperature conditions? Original methods remain to be checked; a handset rating does not establish the absorbed dose in semen.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18804757/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Phone exposure and human semen in vitro", "why_this_matters": "This pilot study may help compare how sperm samples behave near an active phone. The original methods still need retrieval, so its reported changes remain a lead, not verified evidence in this package. A device's exposure rating does not establish the dose received by a semen sample.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-017/"}, {"id": "RF-018", "author": "Mailankot et al.", "full_authors": "Maneesh Mailankot; Anil P Kunnath; H Jayalekshmi; Bhargav Koduru; Rohith Valsalan", "year": "2009", "title": "Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8GHZ) Mobile Phones Induces Oxidative Stress and Reduces Sperm Motility in Rats", "journal": "clinics", "citation": "Mailankot M,Kunnath AP,Jayalekshmi H,Koduru B,Valsalan R. Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM(0.9/1.8GHZ) Mobile Phones Induces Oxidative Stress and Reduces Sperm Motility in Rats. Clinics.2009;64(6):561-565. DOI10.1590/S1807-59322009000600011.", "doi": "10.1590/S1807-59322009000600011", "pmid": "19578660", "topic": "Reproduction", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Dual-band 0.9/1.8 GHz commercial handset; no animal SAR or incident field reported. Pre/post facial temperatures were not significantly different.", "design": "Male Wistar rats,n=6/group. Active GSM phone or battery-free phone 1 h/day for 28 days inside a wooden-bottom nested cage; separate similar exposure rooms; freely moving animals.", "finding": "Motile sperm 43.08±10.03% exposed versus 71.97±8.7% control,P<.002. Testis/epididymis MDA increased and GSH decreased. Total sperm count was not significantly different,P=.052.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Small groups; rooms confounded with treatment; facial thermometry does not exclude organ heating; no dose assessment or mating/fertility outcome.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Does this separate laboratory sperm finding persist when exposure-room and thermal uncertainties are resolved? The missing absorbed dose prevents a quantitative comparison with human protection.", "access": "Original PMC XML full methods/results reviewed; upgraded from record only.", "locator": "Animals; Mobile Phone Exposure; Results; Figures 1-2.", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "No specific funding statement located; technical assistance acknowledged from Clinical Embryology,Kasturba Medical College.", "conflicts": "No declaration located in retrieved original; absence of conflicts not inferred.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000600011", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000600011 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2705159/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19578660/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Rat sperm motility and oxidative markers", "why_this_matters": "A separate laboratory reported poorer sperm movement in exposed rats, alongside signs of chemical stress in reproductive tissues. This broadens the reproductive question beyond one research group. Small samples, separate exposure rooms and missing dose measurements limit conclusions about the cause or relevance to human exposure.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-018/"}, {"id": "RF-019", "author": "Gorpinchenko et al.", "full_authors": "", "year": "2014", "title": "The influence of direct mobile phone radiation on sperm quality", "journal": "central european journal of urology", "citation": "Gorpinchenko I, Nikitin O, Banyra O, Shulyak A. The influence of direct mobile phone radiation on sperm quality. Central European Journal of Urology. 2014;67(1):65-71. doi:10.5173/ceju.2014.01.art14.", "doi": "10.5173/ceju.2014.01.art14", "pmid": "24982785", "topic": "Reproduction", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "GSM900/1800 MHz phone,5 cm,5 h; no sample SAR or incident-field measurement reported.", "design": "Paired aliquots from 32 normozoospermic men,aged 27-40;5 h in separate thermostats at 27°C. GSM900/1800 MHz phone 5 cm from exposed samples,standby with calls every 10 min.", "finding": "After 5 h,progressive motility 66.5±6.3% exposed versus 81.3±7.2% control; SCD fragmentation 8.8±2.2% versus 4.2±1.8%,both P<.05. Vitality,count,morphology and immotile fraction unchanged.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Separate thermostats may confound treatment; no sample dose or continuous temperature monitoring; nonphysiological 27°C culture. Ejaculate exposure is not in-vivo testis exposure or clinical fertility.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Are the reported semen effects attributable to RF under adequately characterised chamber and temperature conditions? This independent human-sample strand remains limited by the original exposure information available.", "access": "Original full PMC XML,Table 2 and results reviewed; upgraded from abstract.", "locator": "Methods; Table 2; Figures 4-5.", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "No funding statement located in original.", "conflicts": "Not established from original.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2014.01.art14", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2014.01.art14 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4074720/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24982785/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Sperm motility and fragmentation in paired samples", "why_this_matters": "By dividing each semen sample, researchers compared exposed and control portions from the same donor. They reported poorer forward movement and more fragmented sperm DNA after exposure. That design is useful for investigating sperm function, but different temperature-controlled chambers and unmeasured sample dose leave important alternative explanations.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-019/"}, {"id": "RF-020", "author": "Salford et al.", "full_authors": "Leif G. Salford; Arne E. Brun; Jacob L. Eberhardt; Lars Malmgren; Bertil R. R. Persson", "year": "2003", "title": "Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones", "journal": "Environmental Health Perspectives", "citation": "Salford LG, Brun AE, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BRR. Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(7):881-883. doi:10.1289/ehp.6039.", "doi": "10.1289/ehp.6039", "pmid": "12782486", "topic": "Neuropathology and blood-brain barrier", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "GSM telephone fed into TEM cells, no voice modulation; nominal 915-MHz programme. Average whole-body SAR 0.002, 0.02, or 0.2 W/kg for 2 h; corresponding peak power densities 0.24, 2.4, 24 W/m². Brain SAR distribution simulated by FDTD, varying <6 dB. Room/cell air temperature controlled.", "design": "32 male and female Fischer 344 rats aged 12-26 weeks, 8/group including sham; awake, movable within chamber. Perfusion fixation; cresyl-violet staining and albumin immunohistochemistry. Neuropathologist blinded; dark-neuron score 0/1/2 (none/occasional, moderate, abundant).", "finding": "After one 2-h exposure and approximately 50 days' recovery, the blinded semiquantitative dark-neuron score differed across four groups (Kruskal-Wallis p<0.002). Individual comparisons with sham: 0.002 W/kg p<0.2; 0.02 W/kg p=0.01; 0.2 W/kg p=0.03. The lowest group was not significant. Changes occurred particularly in cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Small mixed-sex, broad-age sample and subjective ordinal endpoint. Histology is a reported pathological endpoint, but permanent functional injury, apoptosis and human disease were not established. Direct replication did not confirm the outcome (Masuda 2009). Rat whole-body SAR cannot certify human local-SAR compliance.", "related": "Same Lund programme as RF-027, RF-028, RF-029 and CTX-005. CTX-006 is a specific independent replication attempt, not a general safety review.", "protection_question": "Is the delayed dark-neuron signal reproducible and specific to injury rather than tissue handling or scoring? Its small sample, nonsignificant lowest dose and nonconfirming replication prevent a harmful human exposure threshold.", "access": "Original three-page journal PDF read, including embedded correction; Scite supplied abstract only", "locator": "pp. 881-882 Materials and Methods; p.882 Results, Figure 3 and caption; p.883 Correction", "notice": "Embedded Correction on p.883 replaces Figure 1 from earlier immediately-sacrificed animals with present-study specimens (sham and 2 mW/kg). No separate notice DOI identified. Scite metadata did not surface this correction. No retraction/concern found in targeted search.", "funding": "Swedish Council for Work Life Research grant (p.881).", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflict of interest (p.881).", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6039", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6039 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1241519/ | https://www.electrosmog.be/doc/sc/cerveau/Salford-Leif_Nerve-cell-damage-in-mammalian-brain-after-exposure-to-microwaves-from-GSM-mobile-phones_2003.pdf | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12782486/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Blinded rat histology with significant findings at two of three exposure levels", "why_this_matters": "When brain tissue was examined weeks after a two-hour RF exposure, a blinded examiner found higher scores for dark-staining nerve cells in some rat groups. This makes delayed tissue changes worth examining. The lowest dose was nonsignificant and independent replication did not confirm the result; permanent human injury was not established.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-020/"}, {"id": "RF-021", "author": "Lameth et al.", "full_authors": "Julie Lameth; Juliette Royer; Alexandra Martin; Corentine Marie; Délia Arnaud-Cormos; Philippe Lévêque; Roseline Poirier; Jean-Marc Edeline; Michel Mallat", "year": "2025", "title": "Repeated Head Exposures to a 5G-3.5 GHz Signal Do Not Alter Behavior but Modify Intracortical Gene Expression in Adult Male Mice", "journal": "international journal of molecular sciences", "citation": "Lameth J, Royer J, Martin A, Marie C, Arnaud-Cormos D, Lévêque P, Poirier R, Edeline JM, Mallat M. Repeated Head Exposures to a 5G-3.5 GHz Signal Do Not Alter Behavior but Modify Intracortical Gene Expression in Adult Male Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(6):2459. doi:10.3390/ijms26062459.", "doi": "10.3390/ijms26062459", "pmid": "40141104", "topic": "Newer frequencies", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "5G-modulated 3.5 GHz; one hour/day, five days/week; 27 exposure hours over six weeks for transcriptomics. Whole-brain average SAR 0.19 W/kg.", "design": "32 male mice overall; exposed, pseudo-exposed and unrestrained controls. Transcriptomics n=7 exposed and n=8 pseudo-exposed.", "finding": "RNA sequencing detected 77 differentially expressed genes in the right sampled cortex and 84 in the left after repeated exposure, using false-discovery-rate correction.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Behaviour was not altered. Gene-expression change is a biological response, not demonstrated brain injury. Preprint and journal paper are the same work.", "related": "Distinct French research programme.", "protection_question": "Do the gene-expression changes persist or alter brain function? Behaviour was unchanged. A signal-specific biological response is useful to scientific understanding without establishing injury or measuring population cumulative exposure.", "access": "Full indexed article body reviewed", "locator": "Results RNA sequencing; Figure 1; protocol Figure 2", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Crossref publisher-deposited metadata lists French ANSES environmental and occupational health programme grant 2020/2 RF/14. Complete original funding/disclosure statement not rechecked.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062459", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062459 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40141104/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Changed cortical gene expression after a 5G signal", "why_this_matters": "Genes help cells respond and carry out their work; measuring which genes are active can reveal a biological response. Repeated exposure to a 5G signal changed gene activity in mouse brain tissue without altering behaviour. The health question is whether those changes have lasting consequences.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-021/"}, {"id": "RF-022", "author": "Syed Taha et al.", "full_authors": "Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha; Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar; Atikah Hairulazam; Sivasatyan Vijay; Norazurashima Jamaludin; Aini Farzana Zulkifli; Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros; Khairul Osman; Zahriladha Zakaria; Mohd Amyrul Azuan Mohd Bahar; Siti Fatimah Ibrahim", "year": "2025", "title": "Prolonged 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF Exposure Alters Testicular Immune Balance, Apoptotic Gene Expression, and Sperm Function in Rats", "journal": "biomedicines", "citation": "Syed Taha SMA, Jaffar FHF, Hairulazam A, Vijay S, Jamaludin N, Zulkifli AF, Mat Ros MF, Osman K, Zakaria Z, Mohd Bahar MAA, Ibrahim SF. Prolonged 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF Exposure Alters Testicular Immune Balance, Apoptotic Gene Expression, and Sperm Function in Rats. Biomedicines. 2025;13(10):2471. doi:10.3390/biomedicines13102471.", "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines13102471", "pmid": "41153756", "topic": "Newer frequencies", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 or 24 GHz; one or seven hours/day for 60 days.", "design": "Six rat groups, n=6 per group, including corresponding controls.", "finding": "Authors report frequency/duration-specific sperm-function, cytokine and apoptosis-gene changes.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "The methods explicitly state that animal-position SAR/power density and scrotal/core temperatures were not measured. No below-limit or nonthermal attribution is justified. Original methods describe a 24–24.25 GHz presence-detector module, not demonstrated 5G NR traffic. Transmitter output/EIRP is not animal absorbed dose.", "related": "UKM research programme with WEB-009 and WEB-010. Overlapping methods/authors warrant treating publications as a cluster; animal/cohort independence is not established.", "protection_question": "Can the reported reproductive effects be separated from heating and quantified exposure? Without verified absorbed dose or organ temperature, neither a nonthermal mechanism nor harm under human-limit conditions follows.", "access": "Full indexed article body reviewed", "locator": "Exposure Experimental Setup; Conclusions", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102471", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102471 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41153756/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Reproductive endpoints at 3.5 and 24 GHz", "why_this_matters": "This rat study brings reproductive endpoints into research at 3.5 and 24 GHz. It reported changes in sperm function and biological signals in the testes. Yet dose at the animals and reproductive-organ temperature were not measured, preventing a confident separation of RF effects from heating or a comparison with human limits.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-022/"}, {"id": "RF-023", "author": "Bektas et al.", "full_authors": "Hava Bektas; Serife Cakir; Ares Alizade; Semih Dogu; Fikret Altindag", "year": "2026", "title": "Chronic 3.5 GHz radiofrequency exposure is associated with behavioral, molecular, and histopathological changes in the rat hippocampus", "journal": "international journal of radiation biology", "citation": "Bektas H, Cakir S, Alizade A, Dogu S, Altindag F. Chronic 3.5 GHz radiofrequency exposure is associated with behavioral, molecular, and histopathological changes in the rat hippocampus. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2026;:1-14. doi:10.1080/09553002.2026.2708930.", "doi": "10.1080/09553002.2026.2708930", "pmid": "42566258", "topic": "Newer frequencies", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz; discovery dosimetry values not independently verified.", "design": "Rat experiment; publication date 7 August 2026.", "finding": "Title identifies behavioural, molecular and histopathological hippocampal changes; discovery dossier contains detailed claims requiring original-source checking.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Metadata only. Do not use its numerical results or dose as a featured claim until primary text is obtained.", "related": "", "protection_question": "The title identifies a potentially important brain-tissue question. Until the original exposure, methods and results are obtained, this retrieval lead cannot support a conclusion about injury or protection.", "access": "Title DOI authors and date verified; no readable article text served", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2026.2708930", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2026.2708930 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42566258/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "New hippocampal study awaiting original methods", "why_this_matters": "This is a retrieval lead: the title points to changes in a rat brain region involved in memory. The original paper is worth obtaining to examine the exposure and tissue findings together. Only its bibliographic identity is verified here; methods and numerical claims cannot yet support a conclusion about injury.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-023/"}, {"id": "RF-024", "author": "Repacholi et al.", "full_authors": "Repacholi MH; Basten A; Gebski V; Noonan D; Finnie J; Harris AW", "year": "1997", "title": "Lymphomas in E mu-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields", "journal": "Radiation Research", "citation": "Repacholi MH, Basten A, Gebski V, Noonan D, Finnie J, Harris AW. Lymphomas in Eμ-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields. Radiation Research. 1997;147(5):631-640. doi:10.2307/3579630.", "doi": "10.2307/3579630", "pmid": "9146709", "topic": "Tumours", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "900 MHz plane-wave fields, 217 Hz pulse repetition, 0.6 ms pulse width; two 30-minute periods/day for up to 18 months. Incident power density 2.6-13 W/m²; SAR 0.008-4.2 W/kg, averaging 0.13-1.4 W/kg. Freely moving animals. Seven days/week is reported in IARC Table 3.1; original abstract does not give weekly frequency.", "design": "101 exposed and 100 sham-exposed female Eμ-Pim1 transgenic mice predisposed to spontaneous lymphoma. Sham exposure; original full methods/pathology tables not obtained during this check.", "finding": "Original abstract reports lymphoma odds ratio 2.4 (95% CI 1.3-4.5), p=.006; follicular lymphomas made the main contribution. IARC Table 3.1 extracts all-lymphoma counts as 43/101 exposed vs 22/100 sham. Counts are a government-assessment extraction, not a newly checked original table.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Genetically predisposed strain; wide individual SAR range. IARC notes no standardized necropsy-selection criteria and that clinically surviving 18-month animals were discarded without necropsy; survival data were not reported. Oberto 2007 and Utteridge 2002 did not reproduce the lymphoma finding under modified dosimetry/restraint protocols. Not an established independently replicated susceptibility effect.", "related": "Original Adelaide/Australian lymphoma-prone mouse experiment. Utteridge 2002 and Oberto 2007 are later attempts at replication, not additional affirmative cohorts; keep their protocol differences explicit.", "protection_question": "Is the lymphoma finding a reproducible feature of this genetically susceptible model? Nonconfirming attempted replications limit both the original inference and any general claim about inherited human vulnerability.", "access": "Original-abstract content available in literature records and government abstract compilation; full citation/DOI independently confirmed by publisher JSTOR issue and coauthor UNSW publication record. IARC original assessment Table 3.1 and narrative reviewed for counts/limitations. Full original journal article not retrieved; retain abstract-level verification.", "locator": "Original abstract, Radiation Research 147(5):631; IARC Monographs volume 102, section 3.1.3(a) and Table 3.1 (page numbering differs between chapter versions).", "notice": "Targeted DOI/title notice search 2026-10-20 found no formal correction/retraction/concern. Replication criticism is not an editorial retraction. Full publisher notice-history audit incomplete.", "funding": "Original funding/conflict statement not verified. A BfS-hosted 2008 Australian research presentation attributes funding to Telstra Research Laboratories; do not substitute that secondary attribution for original disclosure.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9146709/", "retrieval_links": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9146709/ | https://doi.org/10.2307/3579630 | https://www.jstor.org/stable/i283918 | https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/conjoint-professor-antony-basten/publications?page=1&type=journalarticles | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304627/?report=reader | https://publications.iarc.fr/_publications/media/download/5668/0cb58bad9a09e20acc79b1a4b0596b5faffd5247.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Lymphoma in genetically susceptible mice", "why_this_matters": "These mice were genetically prone to lymphoma, a cancer of immune cells. The reported increase makes inherited susceptibility a serious question, but later experiments did not reproduce it under their different protocols. That history limits what this model can tell us about who might be especially vulnerable.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-024/"}, {"id": "RF-025", "author": "Brooks et al.", "full_authors": "Ashley M. Brooks; Andrea Vornoli; Ramesh C. Kovi; Thai Vu T. Ton; Miaofei Xu; Ahmed Mashal; Eva Tibaldi; Federica Gnudi; Jian-Liang Li; Robert C. Sills; John R. Bucher; Daniele Mandrioli; Fiorella Belpoggi; Arun R. Pandiri", "year": "2024", "title": "Genetic profiling of rat gliomas and cardiac schwannomas from life-time radiofrequency radiation exposure study using a targeted next-generation sequencing gene panel", "journal": "PLOS ONE", "citation": "Brooks AM, Vornoli A, Kovi RC, Ton TVT, Xu M, Mashal A, Tibaldi E, Gnudi F, Li JL, Sills RC, Bucher JR, Mandrioli D, Belpoggi F, Pandiri AR. Genetic profiling of rat gliomas and cardiac schwannomas from life-time radiofrequency radiation exposure study using a targeted next-generation sequencing gene panel. PLOS ONE. 2024;19(1):e0296699. Correction: PLOS ONE. 2026;21(4):e0346498. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296699.", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0296699", "pmid": "38232086", "topic": "Tumours", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Reuses RI 1.8 GHz lifetime tissues from RF-002 and one-year interim exposed non-tumour brain samples; 0/5/25/50 V/m. The 2024 methods print 1.001 W/kg, inconsistent with RF-002's 0.001 W/kg for the lowest exposed group. No published correction to that SAR detail was verified.", "design": "14 gliomas (12 exposed, 2 spontaneous), 9 cardiac schwannomas (8 exposed, 1 spontaneous); 30 interim exposed non-tumour brains; age-matched non-tumour controls; matched kidney genomic controls.", "finding": "Targeted 23-gene panel found some rat tumour variants homologous to human cancer variants; canonical human IDH1 R132/IDH2 R172 hotspots were absent. Morphology and mutation profiles inform translation, not proof that RF caused the mutations.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Same bioassay, not independent cancer replication; small spontaneous-tumour comparator; targeted panel, not whole genome; no dose-related interim non-tumour mutation frequency.", "related": "RF-002 tissue follow-up; RI/NIEHS collaboration. Count once as cohort.", "protection_question": "How closely do these rat tumours resemble human cancers? Molecular comparisons can inform translation, while species differences and reused tissues prevent a new incidence finding or proof that RF caused particular mutations.", "access": "Publisher full original methods/results/discussion, funding and 2026 correction reviewed; Scite flags correction.", "locator": "Methods: Tissue samples, NGS analysis; Results: brain tumours, interim group, cardiac schwannomas; 2026 correction main text/Fig 4.", "notice": "Correction dated 2026-04-02 (10.1371/journal.pone.0346498) replaces Fig 4 and changes interim-sample variant counts to at least 15/30 (50%) and 11/30 (37%). Not retracted.", "funding": "NIEHS/DNTP intramural support and Children with Cancer UK; no competing interests declared; funders no role.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflicts or competing interests, as documented in the retrieved source disclosure.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296699", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296699 | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0296699 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346498 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38232086/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Genetic profiling of rat gliomas and cardiac schwannomas from life-time radiofrequency radiation exposure study using a targeted next-generation sequencing gene panel", "why_this_matters": "Looking inside rat tumours can help researchers ask how closely the disease resembles human cancer. This paper examines tissues from the Ramazzini animals, so it adds biological detail rather than a new cancer experiment. Its corrected findings do not show that RF caused the mutations.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-025/"}, {"id": "RF-026", "author": "Chou et al.", "full_authors": "C.-K. Chou; A. W. Guy; L. L. Kunz; R. B. Johnson; J. J. Crowley; J. H. Krupp", "year": "1992", "title": "Long-term, low-level microwave irradiation of rats", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "Chou CK, Guy AW, Kunz LL, Johnson RB, Crowley JJ, Krupp JH. Long-term, low-level microwave irradiation of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 1992;13(6):469-496. doi:10.1002/bem.2250130605.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.2250130605", "pmid": "1482413", "topic": "Tumours", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "2450 MHz pulsed microwaves: 800 pulses/s, 10 µs width, 8 Hz square-wave modulation; whole-body SAR approximately 0.4 to 0.15 W/kg as animals grew; 21.5 h/day, 7 days/week, 25 months from 8 weeks of age. Individual circularly polarised waveguides.", "design": "100 male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed, 100 sham; 10/group interim sacrifice at 13 months; 200 animals examined pathologically.", "finding": "Primary malignant lesions in 18/100 exposed vs 5/100 sham. Age-stratified Mantel-Haenszel OR 4.27, p=.006; death-time surrogate analysis p=.006. No significant specific tumour-site increase or all-neoplasms increase; longevity comparable.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Pooling across histologically different organs/tumours and numerous endpoints limits inference; one intensity/one sex; authors considered biological meaning uncertain. SAR declines with growth. Not a demonstrated schwannoma replication.", "related": "University of Washington/USAF programme. Guy et al. 1985, USAFSAM-TR-85-64, Volume 9/AD-A159512, and component reports describe the same animals; count once.", "protection_question": "How much weight can the pooled malignant-lesion increase carry when single-site and overall-neoplasm results were not significant? It remains relevant chronic-pathology history, with uncertainty about biological meaning.", "access": "Original 28-page published article reviewed, including Tables 2-4, survival and discussion; 1985 USAF summary checked as same programme.", "locator": "pp 469-470 abstract; p 478 exposure; pp 487-488 survival/pathology; p 490 Table 2; p 491 statistics; p 492 Table 4; pp 493-494 interpretation/funding.", "notice": "Scite metadata/publisher and targeted DOI-notice search 2026-10-20: no correction/retraction/concern located.", "funding": "USAF School of Aerospace Medicine contracts F33615-78-C0631 and F33615-80-C-0612; partial NCI grant CA33752. No modern conflict declaration located.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250130605", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250130605 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1482413/ | https://www.stralskyddsstiftelsen.se/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Chou-CK-et-al.-Long-term-MW-rad-of-Rats-1992.pdf | https://www.rfsafe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Effects-of-Long-Term-Low-Level-Radiofrequency-Radiation-Exposure-on-Rats.-Volume-9.-Summary_.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Long-term, low-level microwave irradiation of rats", "why_this_matters": "An older, long-running rat experiment found more animals with malignant tumours when different cancer types were combined. No single tumour site or overall tumour total increased significantly. Its value is historical evidence for a fresh look at the underlying pathology, without calling it another confirmation of the heart-tumour finding.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-026/"}, {"id": "RF-027", "author": "Eberhardt et al.", "full_authors": "Jacob L. Eberhardt; Bertil R. R. Persson; Arne E. Brun; Leif G. Salford; Lars O. G. Malmgren", "year": "2008", "title": "Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones", "journal": "Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine", "citation": "Eberhardt JL, Persson BRR, Brun AE, Salford LG, Malmgren LOG. Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Electromagn Biol Med. 2008;27(3):215-229. doi:10.1080/15368370802344037.", "doi": "10.1080/15368370802344037", "pmid": "18821198", "topic": "Neuropathology and blood-brain barrier", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Real programmable 900-MHz GSM phone, TEM cells; 2 h; average whole-body SAR 0.12, 1.2, 12 or 120 mW/kg.", "design": "96 non-anesthetized rats exposed or sham-exposed, examined 14 or 28 days later. Exact allocation, masking and dose-specific estimates require full paper.", "finding": "Original abstract: after 14 days, albumin extravasation and neuronal albumin uptake increased (Kruskal-Wallis p=0.02 and 0.002); those findings were not increased after 28 days. Dark neurons increased at 28 days (p=0.02); neuronal albumin uptake correlated with damaged neurons at 28 days (Spearman r=0.41, p<0.01).", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Original abstract verified; full methods/results not obtained. These are global/time-course findings, not proof that every exposure group differed from sham. Same programme as RF-020; not independent corroboration.", "related": "Distinct experiment within Lund programme. Do not combine with 48 rats at 7 days (RF-028).", "protection_question": "Could the timing of tissue examination explain different barrier and neuronal findings? The abstract supports a time-course question, but dose-specific results and full methods remain unverified.", "access": "Scite original abstract and Lund institutional record", "locator": "Original abstract; original pages 215-229 not fully audited", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370802344037", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370802344037 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18821198/ | https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/1262772", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Lund time-course follow-up", "why_this_matters": "The blood-brain barrier normally controls what passes from the bloodstream into brain tissue. This follow-up reported leakage and nerve-cell changes at different times after exposure. It makes the timing of tissue examinations important; the abstract alone cannot show which individual exposure levels drove each result.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-027/"}, {"id": "RF-028", "author": "Nittby et al.", "full_authors": "Henrietta Nittby; Arne Brun; Jacob Eberhardt; Lars Malmgren; Bertil R. R. Persson; Leif G. Salford", "year": "2009", "title": "Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone", "journal": "Pathophysiology", "citation": "Nittby H, Brun A, Eberhardt J, Malmgren L, Persson BRR, Salford LG. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone. Pathophysiology. 2009;16(2-3):103-112. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.001.", "doi": "10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.001", "pmid": "19345073", "topic": "Neuropathology and blood-brain barrier", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "GSM-900; 2 h in TEM cells; whole-body SAR sham, 0.12, 1.2, 12, 120 mW/kg; 7-day recovery.", "design": "48 male/female Fischer 344 rats aged 2-3 months: 8/group at four active levels, 16 sham. Awake, movable; 7-day recovery; perfusion fixation, albumin immunohistochemistry/cresyl-violet; pathologist blinded; ordinal scoring. Brain-SAR orientation variability 56% standard deviation around mean.", "finding": "At 7 days, focal albumin leakage occurred in 25% of exposed versus 0% sham rats (Fisher exact p=0.04); five-group score comparison p=0.012. The 12 mW/kg comparison was significant (p=0.007); 0.12 and 120 mW/kg were trends (p=0.1). Neuronal albumin uptake differed globally (p=0.03) and at 1.2 mW/kg versus sham (p=0.02). Dark-neuron occurrence did not differ.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Original article-in-press proof reviewed. These are BBB/albumin endpoints, without increased dark-neuron pathology at 7 days. Trends are not significant findings. No claim of human-limit compliance from rat whole-body SAR.", "related": "Same Lund research programme as RF-020 and RF-027; separate 7-day experiment, not the 14/28-day animals.", "protection_question": "Is the delayed barrier change reproducible, and does it affect brain function? Passage of a blood protein into tissue is distinct from neuronal injury; dark neurons did not increase here.", "access": "Original 10-page article-in-press proof hosted by California Council on Science and Technology; methods, results and funding reviewed", "locator": "Proof pp.5-7 sections 3.1-3.4 and 4; p.8 Acknowledgements; final pp.103-112", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists.", "funding": "Hans and Märit Rausing Charitable Foundation (proof p.8).", "conflicts": "No competing-interest declaration located in original proof; no inference.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.001", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.001 | https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/1392465 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19345073/ | https://ccst.us/wp-content/uploads/082009_Nittby_Increased_Permeability.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Delayed albumin leakage, with a specific significant exposure comparison", "why_this_matters": "Researchers detected a blood protein outside brain vessels a week after exposure, suggesting altered control of passage into brain tissue. They did not find an increase in dark-staining nerve cells. The question is whether the reported barrier change is reproducible and has consequences for brain function.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-028/"}, {"id": "RF-029", "author": "Nittby et al.", "full_authors": "Henrietta Nittby; Gustav Grafström; Dong Ping Tian; Lars Malmgren; Arne Brun; Bertil R. R. Persson; Leif G. Salford; Jacob Eberhardt", "year": "2008", "title": "Cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "Nittby H, Grafström G, Tian DP, Malmgren L, Brun A, Persson BRR, Salford LG, Eberhardt J. Cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008;29(3):219-232. doi:10.1002/bem.20386. Online 28 November 2007.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.20386", "pmid": "18044737", "topic": "Animal cognition", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "GSM-900, 2 h once weekly for 55 weeks; whole-body SAR initially 0.6 and 60 mW/kg, declining with growth (companion methods: approximately 0.4 and 40 mW/kg at end).", "design": "56 Fischer 344 rats: 16 in each active group, 16 sham, 8 cage controls. Companion original methods describe randomized groups, equal sexes, 4-6 months old at start; behavioral testing 3-7 weeks after exposure; 54 survived to testing/pathology.", "finding": "Original abstract reports poorer memory for objects and their temporal presentation order in exposed rats versus sham (p=0.02). Open-field behavior and memory of object location did not differ.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Cognitive article abstract verified; exposure/design linkage checked in original companion methods. Same animals as CTX-005, not an independent replication. Companion notes cage controls performed even worse than exposed rats, indicating handling/experience matters. Histological injury was not demonstrated in these animals.", "related": "Same 56-rat experiment as CTX-005; journal year 2008, online year 2007.", "protection_question": "Why did object-order memory differ without demonstrated neuronal injury in the same animals? Handling and test experience complicate interpretation, leaving the functional observation separate from a claim of brain-cell loss.", "access": "Original abstract; original full companion article reviewed", "locator": "Original abstract; companion Grafström 2008 GSM exposure/Animals and Individual correlation sections", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists.", "funding": "Not established in retrieved cognitive abstract/companion indexed body.", "conflicts": "Not established in retrieved cognitive abstract/companion indexed body.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20386", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20386 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18044737/ | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.004", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Temporal-order memory after 55 weeks of weekly exposure", "why_this_matters": "Remembering the order of events is a specific mental function. Exposed rats performed less well on an object-order task after a long exposure programme, although other tests were unchanged. Tissue examination of the same animals did not demonstrate neuronal injury, so the behavioural finding needs its own explanation.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-029/"}, {"id": "RF-030", "author": "Sırav and Seyhan", "full_authors": "Bahriye Sırav; Nesrin Seyhan", "year": "2011", "title": "Effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in male and female rats", "journal": "Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine", "citation": "Sırav B, Seyhan N. Effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in male and female rats. Electromagn Biol Med. 2011;30(4):253-260. doi:10.3109/15368378.2011.600167.", "doi": "10.3109/15368378.2011.600167", "pmid": "22047463", "topic": "Blood-brain barrier; sex-specific responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "0.9- or 1.8-GHz continuous wave for 20 min under anesthesia; reported SAR 4.26 and 1.46 mW/kg, respectively (averaging definition to verify in full methods).", "design": "Male/female Wistar albino rats; sham controls; spectrophotometric Evans-blue assay in right brain, left brain, cerebellum and total brain. Sample sizes and masking require full paper.", "finding": "Original abstract reports increased albumin/Evans-blue permeability in male rats after exposure; female rats showed no albumin extravasation. Exact region-level statistics not available in retrieved original abstract.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Separate institution and assay from Lund, not a direct replication of the dark-neuron finding. Anesthesia and sex are relevant; no claim of human injury or compliance with a human exposure limit.", "related": "Gazi University, Ankara programme; related pulse-modulated experiment RF-031, not independent of that programme.", "protection_question": "Is there a genuine sex difference in barrier response? A significant result in males and a nonsignificant result in females do not themselves establish a between-sex interaction; original data remain important.", "access": "Original PubMed abstract", "locator": "PMID 22047463 abstract", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists.", "funding": "PubMed classifies non-US government research support; specific funder not documented in retrieved abstract.", "conflicts": "Not reported in retrieved abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/15368378.2011.600167", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3109/15368378.2011.600167 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22047463/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Separate Gazi laboratory reports sex-dependent barrier response", "why_this_matters": "A separate laboratory reported a change in passage from blood into brain tissue in male rats, with no corresponding finding in females. This suggests a question about biological differences worth testing directly. The abstract does not establish a statistical difference between sexes, and full methods remain to be checked.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-030/"}, {"id": "RF-031", "author": "Sırav and Seyhan", "full_authors": "Bahriye Sırav; Nesrin Seyhan", "year": "2016", "title": "Effects of GSM modulated radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on permeability of blood-brain barrier in male & female rats", "journal": "Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy", "citation": "Sırav B, Seyhan N. Effects of GSM modulated radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on permeability of blood-brain barrier in male & female rats. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016;75(Pt B):123-127. doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.010. Online 23 December 2015.", "doi": "10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.010", "pmid": "26723545", "topic": "Blood-brain barrier; sex-specific responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Pulse-modulated 900 and 1800 MHz, 20 min. Absorbed dose, pulse parameters and temperature measurement not verified; no low-dose or nonthermal claim adopted.", "design": "Six groups of young adult male/female Wistar albino rats; injected Evans-blue, quantitative whole-brain assay; group n/masking to verify.", "finding": "Original abstract: male whole-brain Evans-blue content rose from 0.08±0.01 mg% control to 0.13±0.03 at 900 MHz and 0.26±0.05 at 1800 MHz (both p<0.01). Female response reported at 900 MHz, but not 1800 MHz. The abstract does not define the ± measure.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Original abstract only; not an independent programme from RF-030 or replication of dark-neuron pathology. Absorbed-dose details remain unverified.", "related": "Gazi University programme; journal year 2016, online year 2015.", "protection_question": "Do frequency, pulse format and sex modify barrier responses? Unverified absorbed-dose and temperature details prevent this abstract-level record from establishing the adequacy of an exposure limit.", "access": "Original PubMed abstract and EPA HERO primary citation record", "locator": "PMID 26723545 abstract", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists.", "funding": "PubMed lists non-US government support; exact grant/funder unavailable from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not reported in retrieved abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.010", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.010 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26723545/ | https://hero.epa.gov/reference/5434739/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Pulse-modulated follow-up in a separate institutional programme", "why_this_matters": "This follow-up used pulsed signals and reported different patterns by sex and frequency in how much blood-borne dye entered brain tissue. It helps define more specific experiments on the brain's protective barrier. Dose and temperature details remain unverified, limiting what the findings reveal about relevant exposure conditions.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-031/"}, {"id": "RF-032", "author": "Lustenberger et al.", "full_authors": "Caroline Lustenberger; Manuel Murbach; Roland Dürr; Marc Ralph Schmid; Niels Kuster; Peter Achermann; Reto Huber", "year": "2013", "title": "Stimulation of the brain with radiofrequency electromagnetic field pulses affects sleep-dependent performance improvement", "journal": "Brain Stimulation", "citation": "Lustenberger C, Murbach M, Dürr R, Schmid MR, Kuster N, Achermann P, Huber R. Stimulation of the brain with radiofrequency electromagnetic field pulses affects sleep-dependent performance improvement. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(5):805-811. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2013.01.017.", "doi": "10.1016/j.brs.2013.01.017", "pmid": "23482083", "topic": "Human sleep; cognitive performance", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "900 MHz; 7.1-ms pulses at 10 W/kg peak spatial SAR over 10g, arranged in bursts (1 W/kg burst average); all-night average 0.15 W/kg. Repeated 18-min on/off pattern; six-minute average never exceeded 0.34 W/kg.", "design": "16 healthy men aged 18-21; randomized double-blind crossover, adaptation before each of two nights; objective sleep EEG and evening/morning tapping task.", "finding": "Overnight reduction in motor-task response-time variance was smaller during exposure (28.97%) than sham (49.04%; adjusted condition p=0.03). Sleep time fell 9.23 min (p=0.04); slow-wave activity increased in fourth NREM episode.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Small experimental study; response-time variance is a task endpoint, not diagnosed memory disease. Unusual pulse pattern and different SAR averaging periods must be preserved; no automatic inference of human-limit compliance.", "related": "Zurich sleep/dosimetry programme overlaps investigators in RF-010/RF-012; this is a distinct experiment, not an independent institution's replication.", "protection_question": "Could exposure-related changes in sleep and overnight task improvement matter to daily function? The small experiment and unusual pulse/averaging conditions leave clinical significance and a general protective threshold unresolved.", "access": "Original author/institution-hosted uncorrected proof reviewed; citation/result direction checked against PubMed publication record", "locator": "Proof pp.2-4 Methods, Statistics, Results; Figures 1-3; p.1 funding/conflicts; final pp.805-811", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists. Source is an uncorrected proof, not an independently counted publication.", "funding": "Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication (FSM A2008-08); Swiss National Science Foundation (P00A-114923).", "conflicts": "Authors declared no competing interests (proof p.1).", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2013.01.017", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2013.01.017 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23482083/ | https://www.emf.ethz.ch/fileadmin/redaktion/public/downloads/2_foerderung/dokumente_projekte/Lustenberger__2013__Brain_Stimulation_UNCORRECTED_PROOFS.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Blinded experiment joins sleep physiology to reduced task improvement", "why_this_matters": "A good night's sleep is something people value for how they function the next day. Under this study's unusual pulsed exposure, young men slept slightly less and showed less overnight improvement on one tapping-task measure. That functional result deserves independent testing; it does not establish a sleep disorder.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-032/"}, {"id": "RF-033", "author": "Foerster et al.", "full_authors": "Milena Foerster; Arno Thielens; Wout Joseph; Marloes Eeftens; Martin Röösli", "year": "2018", "title": "A Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents' Memory Performance and Individual Brain Dose of Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication", "journal": "Environmental Health Perspectives", "citation": "Foerster M, Thielens A, Joseph W, Eeftens M, Röösli M. A Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents' Memory Performance and Individual Brain Dose of Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126(7):077007. doi:10.1289/EHP2427.", "doi": "10.1289/EHP2427", "pmid": "30044230", "topic": "Human cognition; adolescents", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "Individually modeled RF brain dose combining device/network use and absorption estimates; operator records calibrate call time; personal measurements/geospatial modeling for far-field sources. Dose is modeled, not directly measured absorbed energy; typical use dominated by GSM calling.", "design": "HERMES Swiss school cohort, two sampling waves 2012-2016; 843 followed; 670 completed figural tests, 669 in full adjusted model. Standardized computerized memory testing approximately 1 year apart; regression adjusted for demographic, lifestyle and baseline-score factors.", "finding": "Adjusted figural-memory change per IQR brain dose: full sample n=669, -0.22 points (95% CI -0.47 to 0.03; IQR 953 mJ/kg/day), not statistically significant. Operator-data subgroup n=274: -0.26 (-0.42 to -0.10; IQR 341 mJ/kg/day). Right-side users n=532: -0.39 (-0.67 to -0.10).", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Observational association, residual confounding and exposure-model uncertainty. Full-sample estimate crosses zero. No clinical injury or causal inference established. This expands/reanalyzes the first wave reported by Schoeni 2015 plus newly recruited wave; not wholly independent replication.", "related": "Swiss TPH/Basel with Ghent/IMEC dosimetry; separate from Zurich sleep experiments. Schoeni 2015 first-wave DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.025 is not an independent cohort.", "protection_question": "Could developmental cognition be associated with exposure? The operator-data subgroup finding deserves scrutiny alongside the nonsignificant full-sample estimate, cohort overlap and exposure-model uncertainty; it does not establish a harmful dose.", "access": "Original indexed body read for methods/results/limitations, primary publisher searchable record and original journal PDF checked for math/funding/COI", "locator": "Methods; Table 3 and Figure 2; laterality Figure 3; Discussion 'Comparison with Previous Analysis'; Acknowledgments; PDF first page conflicts", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists.", "funding": "Swiss National Science Foundation project 138190; European Community FP7 GERONIMO grant 603794.", "conflicts": "Authors declared no actual or potential competing financial interests.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2427", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2427 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30044230/ | https://www.emmind.net/openpapers_repos/Applied_Fields-Hazads/Microwave_Effects/MW_Various/2018_A_Prospective_Cohort_Study_of_Adolescents%E2%80%99_Memory_Performance_and_Individual_Brain_Dose_of_Microwave_Radiation_from_Wireless_Communication.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Prospective cognitive-test association with modeled brain dose", "why_this_matters": "This study followed adolescents and measured changes in memory rather than asking only how much they used phones. A negative association appeared in the subgroup with operator records, while the full-sample estimate was not significant. Developmental function matters; this qualified pattern deserves independent scrutiny.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-033/"}, {"id": "RF-034", "author": "Tang et al.", "full_authors": "Jun Tang; Yuan Zhang; Liming Yang; Qianwei Chen; Liang Tan; Shilun Zuo; Hua Feng; Zhi Chen; Gang Zhu", "year": "2015", "title": "Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields activates the mkp-1/ERK pathway and causes blood-brain barrier damage and cognitive impairment in rats", "journal": "Brain Research", "citation": "Tang J, Zhang Y, Yang L, Chen Q, Tan L, Zuo S, Feng H, Chen Z, Zhu G. Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields activates the mkp-1/ERK pathway and causes blood-brain barrier damage and cognitive impairment in rats. Brain Res. 2015;1601:92-101. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.019.", "doi": "10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.019", "pmid": "25598203", "topic": "Neuropathology; blood-brain barrier; animal cognition", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "900 MHz, 1 mW/cm²; 3 h/day for 14 or 28 days. Original abstract reports 0.016 W/kg whole-body and 2 W/kg local head SAR; preserve both, and do not present whole-body value as head dose.", "design": "108 male Sprague-Dawley rats, active/sham; Morris water maze, ultrastructure, Evans blue, immunostaining, Western blot. Full masking/exposure-temperature audit outstanding.", "finding": "Original abstract reports reduced water-maze platform crossing/target-quadrant time after 28-day exposure, cellular edema/organelle degeneration, altered BBB/albumin endpoints, increased mkp-1 and ERK dephosphorylation. Exact contrasts, n per assay and effect statistics remain unverified.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Original abstract verified but full methods and results inaccessible. Mechanistic measurements do not alone establish that mkp-1/ERK causally mediated injury. Distinct regimen from Salford, not direct replication.", "related": "Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing; distinct from Lund/Gazi programme. Separate animals and methods.", "protection_question": "Do the combined cognitive, tissue and barrier findings hold up in the original methods and independent experiments? Abstract-only verification and distinct whole-body and head doses limit their use in protection assessment.", "access": "Scite bibliographic record; original PubMed abstract; ARPANSA government primary-citation summary used only to locate original", "locator": "PMID 25598203 abstract; original pages 92-101 require retrieval", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.019", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.019 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25598203/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Separate Chinese programme with functional, morphological and molecular endpoints", "why_this_matters": "This Chinese experiment reports memory-task difficulty alongside tissue and brain-barrier changes in rats. That combination is worth examining across independent programmes. Only the original abstract has been verified here; the whole-body and local head doses differ sharply and must remain separate when considering relevance.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-034/"}, {"id": "RF-035", "author": "Ding et al.", "full_authors": "Zhen Ding; Xiaoyong Xiang; Jintao Li; Shuicai Wu", "year": "2022", "title": "Molecular Mechanism of Malignant Transformation of Balb/c-3T3 Cells Induced by Long-Term Exposure to 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR)", "journal": "Bioengineering", "citation": "Ding Z, Xiang X, Li J, Wu S. Molecular Mechanism of Malignant Transformation of Balb/c-3T3 Cells Induced by Long-Term Exposure to 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR). Bioengineering. 2022;9(2):43. doi:10.3390/bioengineering9020043.", "doi": "10.3390/bioengineering9020043", "pmid": "35200397", "topic": "Cell transformation and tumorigenicity", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "1.8-GHz continuous wave; culture average SAR 8 W/kg, 4 h/day for 40 or 60 days, sXc-1800 waveguide system. Authors selected high culture SAR to accelerate transformation. Fans/air-temperature monitoring and medium-response assessment described; alarm threshold for temperature difference 0.1°C. This is not a measurement of human-limit compliance.", "design": "Sham/exposed Balb/c-3T3 cultures passaged together; experiment and analysis blinded. Reporting describes triplicate experiments with triplicate samples but does not clearly distinguish independent biological batches from subsamples. Focus assay: 30-day post-exposure culture; TPA 0.1 μg/mL for 24 h on days 1, 4 and 7 in sham and exposed cultures. Transplantation: 2×10^6 cells/mouse, 4-week observation; HeLa positive control. Soft agar: 4 weeks; HeLa positive control. Student t tests; no multiple-testing adjustment stated.", "finding": "Original results report transformation foci, soft-agar colonies, and visible tumors four weeks after transplanting 40- or 60-day exposed Balb/c-3T3 cells into SCID mice; sham cultures lacked foci/colonies and mice receiving sham cells lacked tumors. The focus assay included TPA treatment of all groups. Exact effect sizes, mouse denominators and culture-lineage independence were not adequately specified for a quantitative risk estimate.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Distinct endpoint beyond a transient biomarker, but donor-cell passage/TPA history before transplantation and soft agar is not explicit, and mouse group size/biological replicate structure are unclear. Thus describe reported tumorigenicity of exposed-cell preparations, not proved RF-alone cancer initiation or spontaneous cancer in RF-exposed mice. Only one high culture SAR; no dose-response series or independent replication established. Pathway enrichment does not establish causal mediation.", "related": "Separate Shenzhen/Beijing programme from NTP, Ramazzini, Newcastle and Lund. Culture phenotyping and transplanted-cell tumors are components of the same study, not independent replications. No linked preprint/duplicate version located.", "protection_question": "Would reproducible transformation and tumour formation from exposed-cell preparations strengthen a cancer-hazard inference? High culture dose, chemical-promoter use and unclear donor-cell histories prevent an RF-alone initiation claim here.", "access": "Original open-access publisher/PMC article passages retrieved via indexed primary records; Methods 2.1-2.6 and 2.10, Results 3.1-3.4 and disclosures checked.", "locator": "Methods sections 2.1-2.3 exposure/sham/TPA; 2.5-2.6 transplantation/soft agar; 2.10 statistics; Results sections 3.1, 3.3, 3.4 and Figures 2, 4, 5; Funding and Conflicts of Interest.", "notice": "PubMed, PMC/publisher primary records and targeted DOI/title notice search checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, retraction or concern found. This does not certify that no notice exists.", "funding": "Shenzhen High-level Hospital Construction Fund; Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund SZXK013; Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen SZSM201612063.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethics approval: North China University of Technology (2017014, 7 March 2017). Data available from corresponding author on reasonable request.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9020043", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9020043 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869874/ | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/9/2/43 | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/9/2/43/pdf?version=1642492243 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35200397/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Transformation phenotypes and tumors after transplanting exposed fibroblasts", "why_this_matters": "Cells given prolonged, high-dose laboratory exposure later formed tumours when transplanted into mice with weakened immune defences. This is a consequential endpoint to investigate. One assay used a tumour-promoting chemical, and unclear cell histories prevent an RF-alone claim. The recipient mice were not RF-exposed.", "categories": ["cancer", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-035/"}, {"id": "RF-036", "author": "Broom et al.", "full_authors": "Kerry A. Broom; Richard Findlay; Darren S. Addison; Cristian Goiceanu; Zenon Sienkiewicz", "year": "2019", "title": "Early-Life Exposure to Pulsed LTE Radiofrequency Fields Causes Persistent Changes in Activity and Behavior in C57BL/6 J Mice", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "Kerry A. Broom; Richard Findlay; Darren S. Addison; Cristian Goiceanu; Zenon Sienkiewicz. Early-Life Exposure to Pulsed LTE Radiofrequency Fields Causes Persistent Changes in Activity and Behavior in C57BL/6 J Mice. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40(7):498-511. doi:10.1002/bem.22217.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.22217", "pmid": "31522469", "topic": "Development and behaviour", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "1,846 MHz realistic LTE downlink; nominal whole-body average SAR 0.5 or 1 W/kg; 30 min/day, 5 days/week on gestational days 13.5-18.5 and postnatal days 3-21. Numerical mother/fetus/pup dosimetry; fetal SAR varied substantially (0.125-1.39 W/kg at maternal target 0.5 W/kg).", "design": "Random allocation of pregnant C57BL/6J mice; sham exposure with field set to zero. Only male offspring, at most one per litter per group. Two experimental repetitions; behavioural n=5-6/group at most timepoints, n=3 at weeks 14,21,28 after equipment data loss; body mass n=3/group.", "finding": "Persistent changes in locomotion, feeding/drinking and shelter use were recorded through adulthood. At 0.5 W/kg distance moved and movement duration were reduced; at 1 W/kg wheel revolutions and movement duration increased. Both exposed groups spent longer in shelter.", "statistics": "Distance moved: exposure ANOVA F(2,212)=10.09, P<.001; 0.5 W/kg versus sham P≤.001. Movement duration: F(2,212)=14.45,P<.001. Wheel revolutions: 1W/kg versus sham P≤.006.", "boundary": "Small male-only groups, numerous repeated endpoints and no consistent monotonic exposure-response. Changes are biological/behavioural responses of uncertain adverse significance, not diagnosed neurodevelopmental disease. Nominal whole-body exposures exceeded human public whole-body restrictions; no inference of ordinary handset risk or human compliance follows.", "related": "UK Public Health England/ELERaFF programme, distinct from Yale Aldad and Newcastle sperm work. BIOEM2016 conference presentation is preliminary reporting of this research, not a separate experiment.", "protection_question": "Can early-life exposure produce persistent changes that impair function? Small samples and effects in different directions leave adverse significance uncertain; these behavioural responses are not a human developmental diagnosis.", "access": "Full original methods/results, Table 1, figures and disclosures reviewed via Scite fulltext and PMC original XML.", "locator": "Methods/Animals and Exposures; Table 1; Results/Figures 2-4; Discussion; article footnote and Acknowledgments.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "UK Department of Health and Social Care Policy Research Programme, ELERaFF 091/0211.", "conflicts": "Richard Findlay works for an independent EMF safety organization; Zenon Sienkiewicz was an ICNIRP main-commission member; both declare no competing interests (article footnote).", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22217", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22217 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6790696/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31522469/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Persistent mouse behavioural changes after early-life LTE exposure", "why_this_matters": "Early development is a period when lasting changes deserve particular attention. Mice exposed before and shortly after birth later behaved differently in several activity measures. The directions varied between exposure groups and the samples were small. Their significance for developmental function remains uncertain; they do not establish a human diagnosis.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-036/"}, {"id": "RF-037", "author": "Souffi et al.", "full_authors": "Samira Souffi; Julie Lameth; Quentin Gaucher; Délia Arnaud-Cormos; Philippe Lévêque; Jean-Marc Edeline; Michel Mallat", "year": "2022", "title": "Exposure to 1800 MHz LTE electromagnetic fields under proinflammatory conditions decreases the response strength and increases the acoustic threshold of auditory cortical neurons", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "citation": "Samira Souffi; Julie Lameth; Quentin Gaucher; Délia Arnaud-Cormos; Philippe Lévêque; Jean-Marc Edeline; Michel Mallat. Exposure to 1800 MHz LTE electromagnetic fields under proinflammatory conditions decreases the response strength and increases the acoustic threshold of auditory cortical neurons. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):4063. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07923-9.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-07923-9", "pmid": "35260711", "topic": "Susceptibility and neural function", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "Single 2-hour head-only LTE-1800 MHz exposure under ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia. Mean brain SAR 0.37±0.23 W/kg; auditory cortex 0.50±0.08 W/kg (model SD). FDTD and homogeneous-phantom temperature-rise dosimetry differed by <30%. Heating pad maintained body temperature around 37°C.", "design": "Adult male Wistar rats. Electrophysiology in four groups of five rats: LTE/sham with and without LPS250µg/kg i.p.24 h earlier. Separate LPS histology n=5-6/group. Exposure-zero sham; waveform trigger and histological analyses blinded.", "finding": "In LPS-treated rats, LTE exposure reduced sound-evoked response strength and increased cortical sound thresholds. The same principal response-strength and threshold effects were not seen in healthy rats. Microglial morphology was not significantly changed.", "statistics": "LPS groups: total tone-evoked response strength P=.0017; response at best frequency P=.0445; vocalization-response strength/reliability P=.043. Analyses used electrode-array positions to address nesting, with 25-26 positions but only 5 animals/group.", "boundary": "An acute anaesthetized inflammatory animal model; cortical physiology does not demonstrate clinical deafness or human EHS. Small animal-level n and analyses based on multiple electrode positions leave uncertainty over full between-animal generalizability. No human-limit compliance conclusion from cortex SAR.", "related": "French ANSES/Paris-Sud-Limoges neuroinflammation programme; linked to earlier GSM experiments and Lameth 2025 RF-021. Journal DOI and preprint 10.1101/2022.01.13.476168 are one work, not independent evidence.", "protection_question": "Can an inflammatory state change vulnerability to exposure? The contrast with healthy rats makes susceptibility testable, while anaesthesia, small animal numbers and electrode-level analyses limit inference about people or hearing loss.", "access": "Original full methods/results, Table 1,Figures 2,4-5 and disclosures reviewed via Scite fulltext and PMC original XML.", "locator": "Methods/Animals,LTE head exposure,Electrophysiological recordings,Statistical analysis;Table 1;Fig 2;Fig 4 versus Fig 5.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "ANSES French National Research Program for Environmental and Occupational Health 2018/2RF/16; Investissements d'avenir ANR-10-IAIHU-06.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no competing interests in original article.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07923-9", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07923-9 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8902282/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35260711/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "LTE effects on sound-evoked cortical activity during experimental inflammation", "why_this_matters": "An inflammatory challenge changed how rats' hearing-related brain cells responded to LTE exposure. In the challenged animals, sound responses weakened and stronger sounds were needed to evoke them. This gives susceptibility a concrete experimental form; recordings from anaesthetised rats do not establish hearing loss in people.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-037/"}, {"id": "RF-038", "author": "Rahban et al.", "full_authors": "Rita Rahban; Alfred Senn; Serge Nef; Martin Rӧӧsli", "year": "2023", "title": "Association between self-reported mobile phone use and the semen quality of young men", "journal": "Fertility and Sterility", "citation": "Rita Rahban; Alfred Senn; Serge Nef; Martin Rӧӧsli. Association between self-reported mobile phone use and the semen quality of young men. Fertility and Sterility. 2023;120(6):1181-1192. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.09.009.", "doi": "10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.09.009", "pmid": "37921737", "topic": "Human reproductive observations", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "Self-reported mobile-phone-use frequency and phone placement,2005-2018. No personal RF field or testicular absorbed-dose measurements; network generation/output power not individually established.", "design": "Nationwide Swiss cross-sectional conscription sample:2,886 men aged 18-22;2,759 reported usage frequency. Standardized semen analysis near 6 recruitment centres; adjusted regression, multiple imputation.", "finding": "Higher usage frequency associated with lower total sperm count and a concentration trend. For >20 uses/day versus 1-5/day, adjusted total-count coefficient was negative; the corresponding concentration confidence interval included zero. No consistent adverse motility/morphology association, and pocket carriage was not associated with lower semen measures.", "statistics": "Table 2, >20/day: cubic-root-transformed total-count β=-0.271(95%CI-0.515,-0.027),P=.030; concentration β=-0.152(CI-0.316,0.011),P=.067. Continuous frequency trends were significant for concentration(P=.032) and count(P=.012),Table 3.", "boundary": "Cross-sectional association with phone-use behaviour, not established RF causation or measured infertility. Self-selection (~3% contributed biological material), residual lifestyle confounding, one semen sample and substantial exposure misclassification. Cubic-root coefficients are not percentage reductions. Temporal attenuation does not identify a causal mechanism.", "related": "Swiss SCAHT/University of Geneva reproductive programme with Swiss TPH. Same conscription collection later used in geographical/semen studies; do not count those as independent RF replications.", "protection_question": "Is the association with total sperm count related to RF or to other aspects of phone use and lifestyle? Unmeasured dose and cross-sectional sampling leave causation and fertility consequences unresolved.", "access": "Original published 13-page PDF retrieved from University of Geneva archive; methods,Tables 2-3,Discussion and declarations reviewed. Scite metadata confirmed; no readable Scite fulltext.", "locator": "Original pp 1182-1183/Methods;Table 2 p1185;Table 3 p1186;limitationsp 1189;declarationsp 1190.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology(SCAHT) and Département de l'Instruction Publique,state of Geneva(toS.N.).", "conflicts": "R.R./A.S.:nothing to disclose. S.N.:SCAHT/University of Geneva funding for work. M.R.:funding from Swiss environment/health offices,WHO,ANSES outside work and consulting fees from Swedish Radiation Authority.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.09.009", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.09.009 | https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:179911 | https://access.archive-ouverte.unige.ch/access/metadata/6ad9d4d0-4b00-4509-9b42-63e20d7d1125/download | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37921737/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Mobile-phone-use associations with objectively measured semen count", "why_this_matters": "This study measured semen in young men and found an association between frequent phone use and lower total sperm count. It brings a human reproductive endpoint into the discussion. Because phone use was self-reported and RF dose was unmeasured, it cannot identify radiation as the cause or diagnose infertility.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-038/"}, {"id": "RF-039", "author": "Xu et al.", "full_authors": "Shanshan Xu; Guangdi Chen; Chunjing Chen; Chuan Sun; Danying Zhang; Manuel Murbach; Niels Kuster; Qunli Zeng; Zhengping Xu", "year": "2013", "title": "Cell Type-Dependent Induction of DNA Damage by 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Does Not Result in Significant Cellular Dysfunctions", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "citation": "Shanshan Xu; Guangdi Chen; Chunjing Chen; Chuan Sun; Danying Zhang; Manuel Murbach; Niels Kuster; Qunli Zeng; Zhengping Xu. Cell Type-Dependent Induction of DNA Damage by 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Does Not Result in Significant Cellular Dysfunctions. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):e54906. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054906.", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0054906", "pmid": "23355902", "topic": "DNA-damage signalling and cell susceptibility", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "1,800 MHz GSM-like 217 Hz modulation; cell-monolayer SAR 3.0 W/kg for 1 or 24 h, 5 min on/10 min off. Dual R18 waveguides; sham isolation >60 dB; medium-specific dosimetry; air 37±0.1°C and culture temperature rise <0.1°C.", "design": "Six cell types; blinded exposure and assay teams; approximately 200 cells/sample; at least four independent experiments for foci; 4NQO positive controls. Orthogonal DNA-damage and functional assays in human skin fibroblasts.", "finding": "After 24 h, γH2AX foci increased in Chinese hamster lung and human skin fibroblasts, but not four other cell types. Comet, TUNEL, proliferation and viability did not show corresponding sustained abnormalities in fibroblasts.", "statistics": "Mean foci/cell: CHL 4.30±0.37 versus 3.10±0.30, P=.022; fibroblasts 6.21±0.44 versus 4.54±0.22, P=.011. A small cell-cycle shift at 6 h was absent at 12 h; ROS increase was nonsignificant.", "boundary": "γH2AX marks DNA-damage signalling; it does not establish irreversible strand breakage or clinical injury. Multiple assays and small replicate counts; downstream functional effects were largely absent.", "related": "Zhejiang University/IT'IS study, distinct from Vienna REFLEX RF-016. ETH repository DOI 10.3929/ethz-b-000064177 is a version of the same work.", "protection_question": "When does DNA-damage signalling indicate lasting injury? The lack of corresponding sustained abnormalities in other assays makes this a cell-specific response question rather than an established genotoxic disease mechanism.", "access": "Original full methods, results and supplemental descriptions reviewed through PMC XML; Scite abstract and metadata corroborated.", "locator": "Exposure System; Cell Exposure Protocol; Figure 1; Figures 2-6; Figure S1; Funding Statement.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology 2011CB503702; NSFC 81102094/30872082; Zhejiang 5Y205458; doctoral and central-university grants; author career awards. Funders reported no role.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no competing interests. IT'IS/Zurich dosimetry coauthors participated.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054906", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054906 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3552808/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23355902/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Cell-specific γH2AX response with no sustained functional injury", "why_this_matters": "In laboratory cultures, a DNA-related signal changed in two cell types, while additional tests did not find corresponding sustained damage or loss of function. This study helps distinguish an early cellular response from an adverse outcome, and shows why several complementary tests are needed before interpreting a positive marker.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-039/"}, {"id": "RF-040", "author": "Liu et al.", "full_authors": "Qi Liu; Tianlei Si; Xiaoyun Xu; Fuqiang Liang; Lufeng Wang; Siyi Pan", "year": "2015", "title": "Electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz induces sperm apoptosis through bcl-2, bax and caspase-3 signaling pathways in rats", "journal": "Reproductive Health", "citation": "Qi Liu; Tianlei Si; Xiaoyun Xu; Fuqiang Liang; Lufeng Wang; Siyi Pan. Electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz induces sperm apoptosis through bcl-2, bax and caspase-3 signaling pathways in rats. Reproductive Health. 2015;12(1):65. doi:10.1186/s12978-015-0062-3.", "doi": "10.1186/s12978-015-0062-3", "pmid": "26239320", "topic": "Reproductive cell injury in animals", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "900 MHz, 50 Hz sinusoidal amplitude modulation, 100% index; 2 h/day for 50 days; power density 1±0.03 mW/cm² at 7 cm. Simplified prolate-spheroid whole-body SAR estimate 0.66±0.01 W/kg. Holding-unit temperature rise at most 0.07°C.", "design": "48 male Sprague-Dawley rats randomized 24 exposed/24 sham; identical holding units without RF for sham. Epididymal sperm assays; protein and mRNA assays n=15/group.", "finding": "Sperm apoptosis increased from 11.51±0.53% to 22.47±1.83%; ROS rose and antioxidant capacity fell. Apoptosis-related proteins/transcripts changed. Overall sperm malformation percentage was not significantly different.", "statistics": "Table 4, n=24/group, mean±SEM: ROS 53.00±1.89 versus 36.51±3.64; antioxidant capacity 4.80±0.12 versus 6.82±0.21. Authors mark P<.05 using t-tests.", "boundary": "No mating or pregnancy outcome; sperm injury does not establish infertility. Holding-unit temperature is not organ/core thermometry; SAR uses a simplified model; blinding unestablished. Table 3 sperm-count significance appears inconsistent with its means and SEMs: do not rely on that count claim without clarification.", "related": "Huazhong Agricultural University/Wuhan experiment, separate from Newcastle sperm studies; not a standardized replication.", "protection_question": "Does the sperm-injury signal persist with stronger dose and temperature characterisation, and does it affect fertility? The unresolved sperm-count reporting inconsistency cannot strengthen the case without clarification.", "access": "Original full methods, results, tables and disclosures reviewed using Scite and PMC XML.", "locator": "Exposure methods; Table 4; Figures 4-6. Table 3 needs reporting clarification.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "China National citrus industry technology system programme CARS-27-05B, as reported.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no competing interests. Biofavor assisted Western blot analyses.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0062-3", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0062-3 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4523914/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26239320/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Sperm apoptosis and oxidative markers in a separate Chinese rat experiment", "why_this_matters": "More sperm cells entered programmed cell death in exposed rats, alongside chemical-stress changes. That makes cell survival a reproductive-protection question for a laboratory outside the Newcastle programme. The study did not test fertility, and a separate sperm-count result has a reporting inconsistency that should be clarified.", "categories": ["reproduction", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-040/"}, {"id": "RF-041", "author": "Aldad et al.", "full_authors": "Tamir S. Aldad; Geliang Gan; Xiao-Bing Gao; Hugh S. Taylor", "year": "2012", "title": "Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "citation": "Aldad TS, Gan G, Gao XB, Taylor HS. Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice. Scientific Reports. 2012;2(1):312. doi:10.1038/srep00312.", "doi": "10.1038/srep00312", "pmid": "22428084", "topic": "Development and behaviour", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Muted/silenced 800-1900 MHz-rated phones on active calls during gestational days 1-17, 4.5-22.3 cm from mice; deactivated-phone controls. The stated 1.6 W/kg is the phone rating, not measured maternal/fetal SAR.", "design": "33 exposed and 42 control pregnant mice. Object-recognition testing in 161 offspring (82 exposed,79 control); blinded behavioural observers. Prefrontal electrophysiology used prenatal protocols of 0,9,15 or 24 h/day.", "finding": "Exposure-associated hyperactivity, reduced object recognition and altered prefrontal glutamatergic synaptic transmission were reported.", "statistics": "Original Results: cumulative object-recognition preference 63.0% exposed versus 69.9% control, P=.003,n=161. Light/dark transitions 24.4 versus 16.4,P<.001.", "boundary": "Authors explicitly acknowledged unmeasured exposure and no traditional calibrated EMF generator. Maternal/fetal dosimetry absent; offspring/neuron counts are not independent dam counts. Not proof of human ADHD or below-limit prenatal injury.", "related": "Yale programme, independent from UK Broom 2019 but substantially different exposure protocol.", "protection_question": "Are the developmental changes reproducible under measured maternal and fetal exposure? Uncalibrated handset exposure and litter-level uncertainty prevent a quantitative prenatal protection claim or a human ADHD inference.", "access": "Original eight-page PDF, including appended 2013 corrigendum, reviewed. Scite notice confirmed.", "locator": "Results/Figure 1; Methods; Discussion on exposure limitations; appended corrigendum.", "notice": "2013 corrigendum DOI 10.1038/srep01320: corticosterone ELISA repeated using stored serum; control 5.4 versus exposed 6.1 ng/ml, P=.786, n=6/group. Authors state conclusions unchanged.", "funding": "EHHI and NICHD HD052668, original acknowledgments.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no competing financial interests.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00312", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00312 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3306017/ | https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01320 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22428084/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Yale prenatal handset mouse experiment with acknowledged dosimetry limits", "why_this_matters": "After exposure during pregnancy, mouse offspring showed altered activity and object recognition. Developmental outcomes deserve attention, but the experiment did not measure how much RF energy the mothers or fetuses absorbed. Its published hormone correction is retained; these results do not establish ADHD or a human prenatal risk level.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-041/"}, {"id": "RF-042", "author": "Patrignoni et al.", "full_authors": "Lorenza Patrignoni; Annabelle Hurtier; Rosa Orlacchio; Alexandre Joushomme; Florence Poulletier de Gannes; Philippe Lévêque; Delia Arnaud-Cormos; Hamid Reza Revzani; Walid Mahfouf; André Garenne; Yann Percherancier; Isabelle Lagroye", "year": "2024", "title": "Evaluation of mitochondrial stress following ultraviolet radiation and 5G radiofrequency field exposure in human skin cells", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "Lorenza Patrignoni; Annabelle Hurtier; Rosa Orlacchio; Alexandre Joushomme; Florence Poulletier de Gannes; Philippe Lévêque; Delia Arnaud-Cormos; Hamid Reza Revzani; Walid Mahfouf; André Garenne; Yann Percherancier; Isabelle Lagroye. Evaluation of mitochondrial stress following ultraviolet radiation and 5G radiofrequency field exposure in human skin cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2024;45(3):110-129. doi:10.1002/bem.22495.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.22495", "pmid": "38115173", "topic": "Newer signals and co-stressors", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "5G-modulated 3.5 GHz at 0.25,1 or 4 W/kg for 24 h in fibroblasts/keratinocytes, including UV-B co-exposure.", "design": "Original in-vitro experiment; full methods, independent replicate counts and temperature controls remain to retrieve.", "finding": "Abstract reports reduced mitochondrial ROS in fibroblasts at 1 W/kg and enhanced UV-B-related ROS in keratinocytes at 0.25 and 1 W/kg. No membrane-potential or apoptosis effect.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "A biochemical response, not demonstrated injury. No independently checked effect size or complete protocol; exclude from central claims.", "related": "Bordeaux/Limoges skin-cell programme. Haidar 2025, DOI10.1038/s41598-025-15090-w, uses different ROS biosensors and is not an exact independent replication.", "protection_question": "Could RF modify a skin-cell response to ultraviolet exposure? Different cell responses and absent measured apoptosis leave this a biochemical co-stressor hypothesis; full methods and functional consequences remain unverified.", "access": "Primary publisher abstract and first PDF page reviewed; Scite abstract only. Retrieval lead.", "locator": "Abstract; publisher PDF first page 110.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "ANSES2019/2RF/018; New Aquitaine AAPR2020A-2019-8140010, as listed on original PDF first page.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22495", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22495 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38115173/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "3.5 GHz skin-cell/UV-B mitochondrial response", "why_this_matters": "Skin cells encounter more than one stressor. This study's abstract reports that a 5G signal changed some chemical responses involving ultraviolet light, with different patterns in different cell types. The finding makes combined exposures worth examining; full methods and functional consequences must be checked before drawing a health-protection conclusion.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-042/"}, {"id": "RF-043", "author": "Bektas et al.", "full_authors": "Hava Bektas; Seval Yildirim; Serife Cakir; Semih Dogu; Fikret Altindag", "year": "2026", "title": "Ameliorative Role of Coenzyme Q10 in RF Radiation-Associated Testicular and Oxidative Impairments in a 3.5-GHz Exposure Model", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "Hava Bektas; Seval Yildirim; Serife Cakir; Semih Dogu; Fikret Altindag. Ameliorative Role of Coenzyme Q10 in RF Radiation-Associated Testicular and Oxidative Impairments in a 3.5-GHz Exposure Model. Bioelectromagnetics. 2026;47(1):e70043. doi:10.1002/bem.70043.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.70043", "pmid": "41578890", "topic": "Newer-frequency reproduction", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz,2 h/day for 30 days. Simulated whole-body SAR0.16995 W/kg; testis 0.02669 W/kg. CoQ10 10 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally.", "design": "28 adult male Wistar rats in four groups: control, RF, CoQ10, RF+CoQ10; nominal n=7/group. Full methods and thermometry not retrieved.", "finding": "Primary abstract reports lower gonadotropins/testosterone, increased oxidative markers and testicular degeneration, partially ameliorated by CoQ10.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "GSM modulation at 3.5 GHz is not 5G NR. Full methods/statistics and actual fertility outcomes unverified. The SAR numbers do not establish human-limit compliance.", "related": "Bektas/Van programme, with authors already represented; does not independently confirm other Bektas papers.", "protection_question": "Are the reported reproductive-tissue changes robust under verified thermal and exposure conditions? Full methods remain unreviewed, and GSM modulation at 3.5 GHz cannot be treated as a 5G NR experiment.", "access": "Primary PubMed/publisher abstract and Scite abstract only. Retrieval lead.", "locator": "Abstract.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70043", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70043 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41578890/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "2026 GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz reproductive study: retrieval lead", "why_this_matters": "The abstract reports changes in rat reproductive hormones and testicular tissue, partly reduced by an antioxidant treatment. It offers a chemical-stress hypothesis to verify. Although the frequency was 3.5 GHz, the signal format was GSM, not the format used by 5G networks. Full methods remain unreviewed.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-043/"}, {"id": "RF-044", "author": "Dolanbay et al.", "full_authors": "Elif Gelenli Dolanbay; Tugay Mert; Gozde Caliskan Bender; Hava Bektas; Unal Uslu; Claudio Enrique Fernandez-Rodriguez; Suleyman Dasdag", "year": "2025", "title": "Male Reproductive and Cellular Damage After Prenatal 3.5 GHz Radiation Exposure: One-Year Postnatal Effects", "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", "citation": "Elif Gelenli Dolanbay; Tugay Mert; Gozde Caliskan Bender; Hava Bektas; Unal Uslu; Claudio Enrique Fernandez-Rodriguez; Suleyman Dasdag. Male Reproductive and Cellular Damage After Prenatal 3.5 GHz Radiation Exposure: One-Year Postnatal Effects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2025;1554(1):140-152. doi:10.1111/nyas.70116.", "doi": "10.1111/nyas.70116", "pmid": "41128732", "topic": "Developmental reproductive effects", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz,2 h/day during full or late gestation; male offspring studied at 12 months. Dosimetry and waveform details absent from retrieved abstract.", "design": "Pregnant Wistar Hannover rats in sham, full-gestation and late-gestation groups; animal/litter counts and full methods not retrieved.", "finding": "Primary abstract reports altered testicular tubule/epithelium morphology, Johnsen score, sperm morphology, γH2AX, Beclin 1 and TUNEL at 12 months.", "statistics": "Abstract states Holm-Bonferroni correction; full-gestation Johnsen score adjusted P=.022 and sperm morphology P=.036. Extremely small tissue-marker P values need experimental-unit audit.", "boundary": "Abstract verified only. Dose, blinding, litter nesting and thermal controls unverified. Numerical significance cannot resolve those limits; no central causal use.", "related": "Related prenatal research: WEB-051. Shared authors and exposure approach; cohort independence is unverified.", "protection_question": "Could prenatal exposure affect reproductive development much later in life? The delayed endpoints are worth examining, but unverified dose, thermal controls and litter structure prevent a central causal inference.", "access": "Original publisher abstract, conflict statement and Crossref metadata reviewed. Retrieval lead.", "locator": "Abstract and conflict declaration.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflicts of interest.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70116", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70116 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41128732/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Prenatal 3.5 GHz exposure and delayed testicular endpoints: retrieval lead", "why_this_matters": "A study of prenatal exposure looked for reproductive changes in male rats a year after birth. The abstract's delayed findings make follow-up beyond infancy an important question. Original dose information and an analysis accounting for offspring from the same litter remain essential to interpretation.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-044/"}, {"id": "RF-045", "author": "Liu et al.", "full_authors": "Chuan Liu; Weixia Duan; Shangcheng Xu; Chunhai Chen; Mindi He; Lei Zhang; Zhengping Yu; Zhou Zhou", "year": "2013", "title": "Exposure to 1800MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation induces oxidative DNA base damage in a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line", "journal": "Toxicology Letters", "citation": "Chuan Liu; Weixia Duan; Shangcheng Xu; Chunhai Chen; Mindi He; Lei Zhang; Zhengping Yu; Zhou Zhou. Exposure to 1800MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation induces oxidative DNA base damage in a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line. Toxicology Letters. 2013;218(1):2-9. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.003.", "doi": "10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.003", "pmid": "23333639", "topic": "Oxidative DNA-base damage", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "1,800 MHz GSM-talk mode,1/2/4 W/kg,24 h intermittent exposure,5 min on/10 min off.", "design": "GC-2 mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line; FPG-modified comet,8-oxoG and ROS assays; α-tocopherol co-treatment.", "finding": "Original abstract reports oxidative-base-damage and ROS signals at 4 W/kg, mitigated by antioxidant. Ordinary alkaline comet did not detect strand breakage.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Full methods, replicate counts and temperature controls not retrieved. Cell line is not mature sperm or a fertility endpoint. Preserve the different assay outcomes.", "related": "Chongqing Third Military Medical University programme with Xu2010; distinct from Zhejiang Xu2013.", "protection_question": "Does the oxidative-base signal persist and affect reproductive-cell function? The negative ordinary comet result must remain alongside it. Full methods and temperature controls are still needed to interpret this abstract-level observation.", "access": "Original PubMed abstract reviewed. Retrieval lead.", "locator": "Abstract.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.003", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.003 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23333639/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Oxidative DNA-base damage in mouse spermatocyte-derived cells", "why_this_matters": "DNA's chemical building blocks can be damaged even when a test for broken strands is negative. The abstract reports this distinction in a laboratory line of mouse reproductive cells. It points to a damage pathway for verification; full exposure controls and evidence about reproductive function remain missing.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-045/"}, {"id": "RF-046", "author": "Xu et al.", "full_authors": "Shangcheng Xu; Zhou Zhou; Lei Zhang; Zhengping Yu; Wei Zhang; Yuan Wang; Xubu Wang; Maoquan Li; Yang Chen; Chunhai Chen; Mindi He; Guangbin Zhang; Min Zhong", "year": "2010", "title": "Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons", "journal": "Brain Research", "citation": "Shangcheng Xu; Zhou Zhou; Lei Zhang; Zhengping Yu; Wei Zhang; Yuan Wang; Xubu Wang; Maoquan Li; Yang Chen; Chunhai Chen; Mindi He; Guangbin Zhang; Min Zhong. Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons. Brain Research. 2010;1311:189-196. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.062.", "doi": "10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.062", "pmid": "19879861", "topic": "Neuronal mitochondrial response", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "1,800 MHz pulsed RF with 217 Hz modulation,average SAR2 W/kg; primary rat cortical neurons assessed 24 h after exposure.", "design": "Primary culture experiment with melatonin pretreatment; full methods, replicate counts and thermometry unverified.", "finding": "Original abstract reports increased mitochondrial 8-OHdG and reduced mtDNA copy number/mtRNA transcripts, reversed by melatonin pretreatment.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "No demonstrated clinical neurotoxicity. Abstract does not establish complete exposure duration or temperature controls. Antioxidant rescue alone does not establish RF specificity.", "related": "Chongqing Third Military Medical University programme, linked to Liu 2013 oxidative germ-cell research.", "protection_question": "Could the mitochondrial changes impair neuronal function? Incomplete exposure and thermal information, and the limits of antioxidant rescue, leave the proposed pathway provisional rather than demonstrated neurological harm.", "access": "Original PubMed abstract reviewed. Retrieval lead.", "locator": "Abstract.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "PubMed labels non-US government support; detailed funder unverified.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.062", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.062 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19879861/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Oxidative mitochondrial DNA markers in primary cortical neurons", "why_this_matters": "Mitochondria supply cells with energy and contain their own DNA. In rat nerve cells grown in the laboratory, the abstract reports changes in that DNA after RF exposure. It identifies a possible dysfunction pathway; incomplete methods and temperature information prevent a conclusion about neurological harm in people.", "categories": ["brain", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-046/"}, {"id": "RF-047", "author": "AITKEN et al.", "full_authors": "R. J. AITKEN; L. E. BENNETTS; D. SAWYER; A. M. WIKLENDT; B. V. KING", "year": "2005", "title": "Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline", "journal": "International Journal of Andrology", "citation": "R. J. AITKEN; L. E. BENNETTS; D. SAWYER; A. M. WIKLENDT; B. V. KING. Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. International Journal of Andrology. 2005;28(3):171-179. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00531.x.", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00531.x", "pmid": "15910543", "topic": "Reproductive DNA integrity", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "900 MHz,12 h/day for 7 days; reported whole-body SAR approximately 0.09 W/kg still needs full-method verification.", "design": "Mouse exposure; gene-specific quantitative PCR, electrophoresis and sperm-function assays.", "finding": "Original abstract reports damage at mitochondrial and nuclear β-globin PCR loci, without gross electrophoresis strand breaks or sperm-function changes.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "PCR amplification endpoints are not interchangeable with comet/TUNEL or infertility. SAR calculation and thermal controls not rechecked in full.", "related": "Foundational Newcastle/Aitken-King programme behind RF-006/007/008; not an independent network.", "protection_question": "How do the selected DNA-amplification endpoints relate to later sperm findings? The unchanged sperm function and related research lineage prevent counting this as independent confirmation of reproductive injury.", "access": "Original PubMed abstract reviewed. Retrieval lead.", "locator": "Abstract.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "Not verified from original full text.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00531.x", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00531.x | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15910543/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Earlier Newcastle male-germline mouse experiment", "why_this_matters": "An earlier Newcastle experiment reported changes in selected DNA targets in exposed mice without changes in sperm function. It helps trace how the later reproductive studies developed. The full methods still need review, and several papers from this group must not be mistaken for several independent laboratory confirmations.", "categories": ["reproduction", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-047/"}, {"id": "RF-048", "author": "Garaj-Vrhovac et al.", "full_authors": "Vera Garaj-Vrhovac; Goran Gajski; Senijo Pažanin; Antonio Šarolić; Ana-Marija Domijan; Dubravka Flajs; Maja Peraica", "year": "2011", "title": "Assessment of cytogenetic damage and oxidative stress in personnel occupationally exposed to the pulsed microwave radiation of marine radar equipment", "journal": "International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health", "citation": "Vera Garaj-Vrhovac; Goran Gajski; Senijo Pažanin; Antonio Šarolić; Ana-Marija Domijan; Dubravka Flajs; Maja Peraica. Assessment of cytogenetic damage and oxidative stress in personnel occupationally exposed to the pulsed microwave radiation of marine radar equipment. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2011;214(1):59-65. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.003.", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.003", "pmid": "20833106", "topic": "Occupational human genotoxicity", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Pulsed marine-radar RF at 3,5.5 and 9.4 GHz. Authors measured fields and determined SAR, but numerical personal dose/history not retrieved.", "design": "Workers versus unexposed subjects; comet, micronucleus, glutathione and MDA assays. Full sample/confounder/blinding details unverified.", "finding": "Original abstract reports higher comet/micronucleus damage and MDA, and lower glutathione in exposed workers.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Observational biomarkers do not establish RF causation, disease or exposure-limit compliance. Personal dose, covariates and participant overlap require full audit.", "related": "Zagreb Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health programme. Earlier radar micronucleus/conference reports may share participants; independence unverified.", "protection_question": "Do the worker biomarkers track RF exposure independently of other workplace factors? Original dose, covariate and participant-overlap checks remain necessary before a causal or clinical protection conclusion.", "access": "Original PubMed/publisher abstract and institutional CroRIS publication record reviewed. Retrieval lead.", "locator": "Abstract; institutional publication record.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "Not verified from original full text.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.003", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.003 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20833106/ | https://www.croris.hr/crosbi/publikacija/prilog-casopis/169644", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Marine-radar workers and biomarkers: retrieval lead", "why_this_matters": "People working near radar bring a different exposure setting into the evidence. This study's abstract reports more DNA-related and chemical-stress markers in exposed workers. Personal dose histories and other workplace exposures still need examination; these measurements alone do not show that RF caused disease or that limits were exceeded.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-048/"}, {"id": "RF-049", "author": "Volkow et al.", "full_authors": "Nora D Volkow; Dardo Tomasi; Gene-Jack Wang; Paul Vaska; Joanna S Fowler; Frank Telang; Dave Alexoff; Jean Logan; Christopher Wong", "year": "2011", "title": "Effects of cell phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose metabolism", "journal": "JAMA", "citation": "Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Vaska P, Fowler JS, Telang F, Alexoff D, Logan J, Wong C. Effects of cell phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose metabolism. JAMA. 2011;305(8):808-813. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.186.", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2011.186", "pmid": "21343580", "topic": "Human physiology and function", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "837.8 MHz CDMA handset; right phone active and muted for 50 min versus both phones off. Manufacturer model maximum head SAR 0.901 W/kg, not participant-specific measured SAR.", "design": "Randomized crossover, 47 healthy participants analysed, each with two FDG-PET sessions; participants blinded; field signal checked throughout calls.", "finding": "Near-antenna regional metabolism was 35.7 versus 33.3 micromol/100 g/min; mean difference 2.4 (95% CI 0.67-4.2), p=.004. Whole-brain metabolism did not differ.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Objective physiological response of unknown clinical significance; neither brain injury nor cancer demonstrated. No individual compliance certification from handset model SAR.", "related": "US NIH/Brookhaven programme; independent of Swiss and French EEG experiments.", "protection_question": "Does the local metabolic response have consequences for health or function? This blinded human observation establishes an objective response under its protocol, while clinical significance and individual delivered dose remain unresolved.", "access": "Original accepted manuscript methods, results and disclosures reviewed; Scite abstract and notices checked", "locator": "Author manuscript pp.3-5 methods/results; p.7 funding; p.1 conflict statement", "notice": "No correction, concern or retraction identified in Scite/primary PubMed and targeted DOI search; commentary is not an erratum.", "funding": "NIH intramural research programme and US Department of Energy infrastructure support; manuscript states funders had no role in conduct or interpretation.", "conflicts": "Authors reported none on ICMJE disclosures.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.186", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.186 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3184892/ | https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Volkow-et-al.-2011.pdf | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21343580/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Regional brain glucose metabolism in a blinded crossover experiment", "why_this_matters": "A brain scan detected increased glucose use in the region nearest the active phone's antenna in a blinded human experiment. Glucose use measures brain metabolism, so this provides evidence of an objective response under that protocol. Whether the response affects health or function remains unresolved; the scan did not demonstrate injury.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-049/"}, {"id": "RF-050", "author": "Lai and Singh", "full_authors": "Henry Lai; Narendra P Singh", "year": "1995", "title": "Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "Lai H, Singh NP. Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 1995;16(3):207-210. doi:10.1002/bem.2250160309.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.2250160309", "pmid": "7677797", "topic": "DNA and cell responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified methods pending", "featured": "False", "exposure": "2450 MHz, two hours; pulsed 2 microsecond pulses at 500/s, whole-body SAR 0.6 or 1.2 W/kg; continuous wave 1.2 W/kg.", "design": "Rat-brain alkaline microgel electrophoresis; original abstract verified. Animal counts and complete controls require full paper.", "finding": "Pulsed exposure increased single-strand breaks at four hours after exposure, with no significant immediate effect. Continuous-wave exposure at 1.2 W/kg increased breaks immediately and at four hours.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Original abstract only; assay controls and independent replication history not fully audited. No below-limit or established injury inference.", "related": "RF-051 extends same University of Washington programme; not independent laboratory replication.", "protection_question": "Does delayed DNA strand breakage persist across validated assays and independent experiments? The abstract identifies a timing question, but unfinished methods and replication checks prevent an established injury or human-limit claim.", "access": "Scite original abstract and Wiley primary record verified", "locator": "Original abstract; pp.207-210 full methods pending", "notice": "No notice surfaced in Scite or targeted title/DOI search; full publisher status audit incomplete.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250160309", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250160309 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7677797/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Early microwave brain DNA experiment", "why_this_matters": "Some DNA effects may be missed if researchers look only immediately after exposure. This rat study's abstract reported a delayed increase in single-strand breaks after pulsed microwaves. Full methods and replication comparisons remain unfinished, so its contribution is a defined timing question rather than an established human hazard.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-050/"}, {"id": "RF-051", "author": "Lai and Singh", "full_authors": "Henry Lai; Narendra P Singh", "year": "1996", "title": "Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation", "journal": "International Journal of Radiation Biology", "citation": "Lai H, Singh NP. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 1996;69(4):513-521. doi:10.1080/095530096145814.", "doi": "10.1080/095530096145814", "pmid": "8627134", "topic": "DNA and cell responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified methods pending", "featured": "False", "exposure": "2450 MHz pulsed (2 microseconds, 500/s) or continuous-wave; two hours; spatial-average incident power density 2 mW/cm2 and whole-body SAR 1.2 W/kg.", "design": "Rat-brain microgel electrophoresis at four hours post-exposure; original abstract checked; exact n and assay quality-control procedures pending.", "finding": "Original abstract reports increased single- and double-strand breaks after either signal, with no significant difference between pulsed and continuous-wave effects.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Mechanistic research lead; full methods and conflicting replication protocols require comparison before a causal generalisation. Whole-body animal exposure does not establish below-limit human injury.", "related": "Same programme as RF-050; count the publications separately from independent laboratories.", "protection_question": "Are the reported strand-break findings reproducible across comparable assays and exposure conditions? Related investigators and unresolved replication differences limit a general mechanism or human protection inference.", "access": "Scite original abstract and metadata verified", "locator": "Original abstract; pp.513-521 methods pending", "notice": "No notice surfaced in Scite or targeted title/DOI search; not a complete status certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/095530096145814", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1080/095530096145814 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8627134/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Follow-up acute microwave DNA strand-break experiment", "why_this_matters": "A follow-up reported breaks affecting one or both strands of DNA in rat brain cells after exposure. It broadens the laboratory endpoint examined in RF-050 , while remaining part of the same research programme. Full assay controls and replication history remain necessary before treating this as confirmed injury.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/rf-051/"}, {"id": "ELF-001", "author": "Feychting and Ahlbom", "full_authors": "Maria Feychting; Michael Alhbom", "year": "1993", "title": "Magnetic Fields and Cancer in Children Residing Near Swedish High-voltage Power Lines", "journal": "american journal of epidemiology", "citation": "Feychting M, Alhbom M. Magnetic Fields and Cancer in Children Residing Near Swedish High-voltage Power Lines. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1993;138(7):467-481. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116881.", "doi": "10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116881", "pmid": "8213751", "topic": "Power frequency fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Calculated residential power-line magnetic fields.", "design": "Swedish case-control study.", "finding": "Affirmative childhood-leukaemia strand identified in discovery dossier.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Retrieve original exposure categories and estimates before numerical use. ELF findings are not RF findings.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Does the original residential magnetic-field analysis support the reported childhood-leukaemia association? Exposure categories and estimates remain to be verified; this power-frequency retrieval lead cannot establish an RF hazard.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116881", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116881 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8213751/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Residential magnetic fields and childhood cancer", "why_this_matters": "A report about childhood leukaemia deserves careful attention, particularly when it concerns where children live. This Swedish power-line study remains a retrieval lead here: the original exposure estimates and results need checking. It concerns power-frequency magnetic fields, a different exposure from mobile-phone signals.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-001/"}, {"id": "ELF-002", "author": "Draper et al.", "full_authors": "Gerald Draper; Tim Vincent; Mary E Kroll; John Swanson", "year": "2005", "title": "Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study", "journal": "bmj", "citation": "Draper G, Vincent T, Kroll ME, Swanson J. Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study. BMJ. 2005;330(7503):1290. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7503.1290.", "doi": "10.1136/bmj.330.7503.1290", "pmid": "15933351", "topic": "Power frequency fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Distance from high-voltage lines rather than measured fields.", "design": "England and Wales case-control study.", "finding": "Discovery dossier reports increased leukaemia risk in birth-address distance categories near power lines.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Distance association is not an absorbed-dose measurement; not evidence about mobile-phone RF.", "related": "", "protection_question": "What does distance from a power line tell us about the reported leukaemia association? Original analyses remain unreviewed, and location alone does not establish a child's magnetic-field exposure.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7503.1290", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7503.1290 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15933351/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Childhood leukaemia and distance from power lines", "why_this_matters": "This retrieval lead concerns childhood leukaemia and the distance between a birth address and high-voltage lines. Location is easy to describe, but it does not tell us the magnetic field a child experienced. The original analyses need checking before this observation can inform a protection assessment.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-002/"}, {"id": "ELF-003", "author": "Li et al.", "full_authors": "De-Kun Li; Roxana Odouli; Soora Wi; Teresa Janevic; Ira Golditch; T. Dan Bracken; Russell Senior; Richard Rankin; Richard Iriye", "year": "2002", "title": "A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study of Personal Exposure to Magnetic Fields during Pregnancy and the Risk of Miscarriage", "journal": "epidemiology", "citation": "Li DK, Odouli R, Wi S, Janevic T, Golditch I, Bracken TD, Senior R, Rankin R, Iriye R. A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study of Personal Exposure to Magnetic Fields during Pregnancy and the Risk of Miscarriage. Epidemiology. 2002;13(1):9-20. doi:10.1097/00001648-200201000-00004.", "doi": "10.1097/00001648-200201000-00004", "pmid": "11805581", "topic": "Power frequency fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "24-hour personal monitoring during early pregnancy.", "design": "Prospective cohort; 969 participants reported in discovery dossier.", "finding": "Discovery dossier reports a miscarriage association with maximum, rather than average, measured magnetic field.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Original methods and exposure-day selection need checking before featuring.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Does a maximum magnetic-field reading capture a relevant pregnancy exposure or a measurement-day artefact? Original methods and exposure-day selection remain to be checked before this retrieval lead informs a health conclusion.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200201000-00004", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200201000-00004 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11805581/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Personal magnetic measurements during pregnancy", "why_this_matters": "This retrieval lead asks whether short peaks in magnetic-field exposure during pregnancy relate to miscarriage. The reported association used the maximum reading rather than the daily average. Checking the original measurement-day selection and analyses is essential before drawing a health conclusion from such a sensitive outcome.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-003/"}, {"id": "ELF-004", "author": "Li et al.", "full_authors": "De-Kun Li; Hong Chen; Jeannette R. Ferber; Roxana Odouli; Charles Quesenberry", "year": "2017", "title": "Exposure to Magnetic Field Non-Ionizing Radiation and the Risk of Miscarriage: A Prospective Cohort Study", "journal": "scientific reports", "citation": "Li DK, Chen H, Ferber JR, Odouli R, Quesenberry C. Exposure to Magnetic Field Non-Ionizing Radiation and the Risk of Miscarriage: A Prospective Cohort Study. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):17541. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16623-8.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-017-16623-8", "pmid": "29235463", "topic": "Power frequency fields", "verification_group": "Editorial notice flagged", "record_role": "Notice flagged retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "24-h EMDEX Lite power-frequency magnetic-field monitoring; 99th-percentile exposure classification. The meter does not establish RF wireless exposure.", "design": "913 pregnancies reported in discovery dossier.", "finding": "Prospective miscarriage association reported in 913 pregnancies; retained with the linked Expression of Concern, without a featured numerical risk claim.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Underlying data cannot be shared because retrospective participant consent is unavailable, per notice. This is an Expression of Concern, not a retraction. No RF causal inference; not used centrally.", "related": "", "protection_question": "How much weight can the miscarriage association carry without independent reanalysis of the data? The consent-related Expression of Concern remains material, and this power-frequency observation is not an RF causal finding.", "access": "Original indexed methods and official 2021 notice reviewed", "locator": "Original Materials and Methods exposure monitoring; official notice full text", "notice": "Editorial Expression of Concern, 10 March 2021, DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-85479-w. Notice says data unavailable for readers wishing to repeat analyses because consent for sharing was not obtained.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16623-8", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16623-8 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85479-w | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29235463/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Later miscarriage cohort with editorial notice", "why_this_matters": "The reported miscarriage association concerns power-frequency magnetic fields, not wireless RF. An editorial Expression of Concern states that participant consent did not allow data sharing, limiting independent reanalysis. This is not a retraction, but the restriction affects how much weight the finding can carry.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-004/"}, {"id": "ELF-005", "author": "Huss et al.", "full_authors": "A. Huss; A. Spoerri; M. Egger; M. Roosli; for the Swiss National Cohort Study", "year": "2009", "title": "Residence Near Power Lines and Mortality From Neurodegenerative Diseases: Longitudinal Study of the Swiss Population", "journal": "american journal of epidemiology", "citation": "Huss A, Spoerri A, Egger M, Roosli M, for the Swiss National Cohort Study. Residence Near Power Lines and Mortality From Neurodegenerative Diseases: Longitudinal Study of the Swiss Population. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;169(2):167-175. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn297.", "doi": "10.1093/aje/kwn297", "pmid": "18990717", "topic": "Power frequency fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Residential proximity and duration; power-frequency regime.", "design": "Swiss national cohort.", "finding": "Discovery dossier reports increasing Alzheimer mortality association with longer residence near high-voltage lines.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Observational mortality association; newer overlapping cohorts are extensions, not independent replications.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Does duration near high-voltage lines add a credible dementia-mortality signal? Original analyses and overlapping cohorts remain to be checked; proximity cannot establish the cause of an individual illness.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn297", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn297 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18990717/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Long residential duration and dementia mortality", "why_this_matters": "This retrieval lead links a long residential history with a reported dementia-mortality association. Its particular question is whether duration matters, rather than only where someone lives at one moment. Original analyses and overlapping cohorts still need checking; proximity alone cannot establish what caused an individual's illness.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-005/"}, {"id": "ELF-006", "author": "Loscher et al.", "full_authors": "W. Löscher; M. Mevissen; W. Lehmacher; A. Stamm", "year": "1993", "title": "Tumor promotion in a breast cancer model by exposure to a weak alternating magnetic field", "journal": "cancer letters", "citation": "Löscher W, Mevissen M, Lehmacher W, Stamm A. Tumor promotion in a breast cancer model by exposure to a weak alternating magnetic field. Cancer Letters. 1993;71(1-3):75-81. doi:10.1016/0304-3835(93)90100-n.", "doi": "10.1016/0304-3835(93)90100-N", "pmid": "8364901", "topic": "Power frequency fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "50 Hz; 100 microtesla; 91 days reported in discovery dossier.", "design": "DMBA-treated rats; 99 exposed and 99 sham reported.", "finding": "Discovery dossier reports more and larger mammary tumours in a chemically initiated rat model.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Retrieve original and follow-up experiments; repeated Hannover papers are not separate laboratories.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Is the reported mammary-tumour promotion reproducible in this chemically initiated model? Original and follow-up papers remain retrieval work, and related Hannover publications are not independent laboratory confirmations.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(93)90100-N", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(93)90100-N | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8364901/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Tumour promotion under a power frequency magnetic field", "why_this_matters": "Rats exposed to a cancer-causing chemical reportedly developed more and larger mammary tumours under a power-frequency magnetic field. This remains a retrieval lead. It may help examine combined exposures, provided the original results and follow-up experiments are checked and related Hannover publications are not counted as independent laboratories.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-006/"}, {"id": "ELF-007", "author": "McCarty et al.", "full_authors": "David E. McCarty; Simona Carrubba; Andrew L. Chesson; Clifton Frilot; Eduardo Gonzalez-Toledo; Andrew A. Marino", "year": "2011", "title": "Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: Evidence for a Novel Neurological Syndrome", "journal": "international journal of neuroscience", "citation": "McCarty DE, Carrubba S, Chesson AL, Frilot C, Gonzalez-Toledo E, Marino AA. Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: Evidence for a Novel Neurological Syndrome. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2011;121(12):670-676. doi:10.3109/00207454.2011.608139.", "doi": "10.3109/00207454.2011.608139", "pmid": "21793784", "topic": "Symptoms and measured exposure", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "60 Hz electric field, average over head 300 V/m; repeated 100-second challenge intervals.", "design": "Clinical case and controlled provocation; n=1; accepted manuscript methods inspected.", "finding": "One participant reported symptoms in all 10 pulsed-field intervals, versus mild symptoms in five and none in five sham intervals. A separate behavioural task found no above-chance conscious field identification.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Individual response, not prevalence or general RF causation. Continuous versus pulsed conditions and symptom scoring must remain distinct.", "related": "Different field regime from RF-013.", "protection_question": "Is this person's symptom response reproducible under comparable blinded conditions? A controlled individual observation is worth understanding without turning it into a prevalence estimate, general RF effect or diagnostic test.", "access": "Original accepted manuscript methods and results inspected", "locator": "Accepted manuscript Tables 2-5; symptoms and field-identification tasks are separate", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2011.608139", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2011.608139 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21793784/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Symptoms during blinded electric field transitions", "why_this_matters": "Symptoms deserve careful investigation even when they are difficult to explain. This blinded challenge recorded one person's responses to a power-frequency electric field. Its value is a testable individual observation; it does not tell us how common such responses are or establish a diagnosis for other people.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-007/"}, {"id": "ELF-008", "author": "Ivancsits et al.", "full_authors": "Sabine Ivancsits; Elisabeth Diem; Alexander Pilger; Hugo W Rüdiger; Oswald Jahn", "year": "2002", "title": "Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts", "journal": "mutation research/genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis", "citation": "Ivancsits S, Diem E, Pilger A, Rüdiger HW, Jahn O. Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2002;519(1-2):1-13. doi:10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00109-2.", "doi": "10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00109-2", "pmid": "12160887", "topic": "Power frequency fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "50 Hz; 1 millitesla; human fibroblasts.", "design": "In-vitro experiment.", "finding": "Discovery dossier reports comet-assay increases under intermittent but not continuous exposure.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Publication-status and original methods audit incomplete; no claim of below-limit residential injury.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Could intermittent and continuous power-frequency fields produce different cellular responses? The original methods and publication-status checks remain incomplete, preventing a residential injury or protective-limit inference.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00109-2", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00109-2 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160887/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Intermittency and fibroblast DNA strand breaks", "why_this_matters": "This retrieval lead suggests that switching a power-frequency magnetic field on and off may produce a different cell response from continuous exposure. That distinction could matter to experimental design. The original methods and publication history still need review before the reported DNA-test result can carry a health-protection claim.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-008/"}, {"id": "ELF-009", "author": "Soffritti et al.", "full_authors": "Morando Soffritti; Eva Tibaldi; Michela Padovani; David G. Hoel; Livio Giuliani; Luciano Bua; Michelina Lauriola; Laura Falcioni; Marco Manservigi; Fabiana Manservisi; Simona Panzacchi; Fiorella Belpoggi", "year": "2016", "title": "Life-span exposure to sinusoidal-50 Hz magnetic field and acute low-dose γ radiation induce carcinogenic effects in Sprague-Dawley rats", "journal": "International Journal of Radiation Biology", "citation": "Soffritti M, Tibaldi E, Padovani M, Hoel DG, Giuliani L, Bua L, Lauriola M, Falcioni L, Manservigi M, Manservisi F, Panzacchi S, Belpoggi F. Life-span exposure to sinusoidal-50 Hz magnetic field and acute low-dose γ radiation induce carcinogenic effects in Sprague-Dawley rats. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2016;92(4):202-214. doi:10.3109/09553002.2016.1144942.", "doi": "10.3109/09553002.2016.1144942", "pmid": "26894944", "topic": "Power frequency fields", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field, 20 or 1000 µT, 19 h/day, gestational day 12 to natural death; additional whole-body 0.1 Gy gamma dose at 6 weeks. ELF plus ionising coexposure, not RF.", "design": "1658 rats including 1001 shared untreated controls; gamma-only 118 M/105 F; 20 µT+gamma 105 M/107 F; 1000 µT+gamma 110 M/112 F. Cox survival-adjusted models; Mantel-Haenszel for some zero-case endpoints. Survival unchanged. Same pathology team/supervisor review; masking not documented in reviewed methods.", "finding": "At 1000 µT+gamma, female mammary adenocarcinoma 18/112 vs 8/105 gamma-only (p≤.05); male haemolymphoreticular neoplasia 28/110 vs 18/118 (p≤.05). Male cardiac schwannomas 2/105 and 3/110 vs 1/500 untreated were significant; comparison against gamma-only 0/118 was nonsignificant.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Coexposure; large shared untreated control and smaller gamma-only comparator; not an RF-alone or below-limit cancer demonstration; combined atypia/carcinoma endpoints distinct from carcinoma alone.", "related": "RI ELF megaexperiment; 1001 untreated controls shared with ELF-alone and formaldehyde arms. Distinct animals/exposure from RF-002; Soffritti 2019 mini-review repeats data.", "protection_question": "Can combined exposures modify cancer outcomes? Comparisons with gamma-only animals are essential: selected mammary and haemolymphoid findings differed, whereas the heart-schwannoma comparison did not. This is a power-frequency coexposure experiment.", "access": "Original 14-page early online journal PDF reviewed: methods, Tables 2-6, results, funding; final citation checked with Scite/PubMed.", "locator": "PDF pp 3-4 treatment/pathology/statistics; p 7 Tables 4-6; p 9 heart comparison; p 12 funding. Final journal pp 202-214.", "notice": "No editorial notice located in Scite/PubMed/targeted title searches 2026-10-20; not certification of no possible future notice.", "funding": "RI; ARPA Emilia-Romagna; UK Children With Cancer; Cassa di Risparmio Bologna; INAIL; Fondazione del Monte Bologna/Ravenna; Municipality of Bologna. No conflicts declared; funders no direct role.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflicts or competing interests, as documented in the retrieved source disclosure.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2016.1144942", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2016.1144942 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26894944/ | https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Soffritti-et-al.-2016-2.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Life-span exposure to sinusoidal-50 Hz magnetic field and acute low-dose γ radiation induce carcinogenic effects in Sprague-Dawley rats", "why_this_matters": "Rats given both a power-frequency magnetic field and a small gamma-radiation dose developed more of some cancers than rats receiving gamma radiation alone. It makes combined exposures worth examining. The comparison matters: the heart-tumour result was not significant against gamma-only animals, and this was not an RF experiment.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-009/"}, {"id": "ELF-010", "author": "Lai and Singh", "full_authors": "Henry Lai; Narendra P Singh", "year": "2004", "title": "Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat", "journal": "Environmental Health Perspectives", "citation": "Lai H, Singh NP. Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(6):687-694. doi:10.1289/ehp.6355.", "doi": "10.1289/ehp.6355", "pmid": "15121512", "topic": "Power frequency fields", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified methods pending", "featured": "False", "exposure": "60 Hz magnetic field at 0.01 mT for 24 or 48 h; additional acute experiments described in original abstract.", "design": "Rat-brain assays with antioxidant, nitric-oxide-synthase inhibitor and iron-chelator interventions; exact n and full methods pending.", "finding": "Original abstract reports strand-break increases after 24 h, larger after 48 h, blocked by Trolox, 7-nitroindazole and deferiprone; apoptosis/necrosis also reported in acute experiments.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Power-frequency experiment, distinct from GHz RF. Interventions support hypotheses, not a settled general mechanism; full methods/replication audit incomplete.", "related": "Same Washington investigators as RF-050 and RF-051; different field regime.", "protection_question": "Do the chemical interventions identify a reproducible pathway for the reported DNA response? Abstract-only verification and incomplete replication checks leave that mechanism provisional and separate from GHz RF evidence.", "access": "Original abstract retrieved through Scite", "locator": "Original abstract; pp.687-694 full methods pending", "notice": "No notice surfaced in Scite metadata; targeted status audit incomplete.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6355", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6355 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15121512/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Power-frequency brain DNA response and chemical interventions", "why_this_matters": "The abstract reports DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells after prolonged power-frequency magnetic-field exposure, with several chemical interventions blocking the response. It suggests a pathway to test, rather than a settled explanation of harm. Full methods and independent replication remain to be assessed, separately from radiofrequency studies.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/elf-010/"}, {"id": "IF-001", "author": "Kumari et al.", "full_authors": "Kajal Kumari; Hennariikka Koivisto; Matti Viluksela; Kaisa M. A. Paldanius; Mikael Marttinen; Mikko Hiltunen; Jonne Naarala; Heikki Tanila; Jukka Juutilainen", "year": "2017", "title": "Behavioral testing of mice exposed to intermediate frequency magnetic fields indicates mild memory impairment", "journal": "plos one", "citation": "Kumari K, Koivisto H, Viluksela M, Paldanius KMA, Marttinen M, Hiltunen M, Naarala J, Tanila H, Juutilainen J. Behavioral testing of mice exposed to intermediate frequency magnetic fields indicates mild memory impairment. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(12):e0188880. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188880.", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0188880", "pmid": "29206232", "topic": "Intermediate and static fields", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "7.5 kHz magnetic field; sham, 12 or 120 microtesla; continuous exposure for five weeks.", "design": "70 male mice: 30 sham and 20 per exposed group.", "finding": "The 120-microtesla group showed impaired task acquisition and passive-avoidance retention, with elevated hippocampal TNF-alpha expression.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Equipment problems required a separate high-exposure cohort. Many other endpoints were unchanged. The high field exceeded the occupational reference level cited by the authors.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Do the memory and inflammatory findings persist with concurrent comparison groups? The separate high-exposure cohort limits inference, and intermediate-frequency conditions cannot be transferred directly to public RF exposures.", "access": "Full indexed article body reviewed", "locator": "Materials and methods; Conclusions; supplementary test summary", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188880", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188880 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29206232/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Learning and memory endpoints at 7.5 kHz", "why_this_matters": "The higher-exposure mice had difficulty learning and retaining parts of a task in this intermediate-frequency experiment. These functional findings give the assessment a different focus from isolated cell markers. Equipment problems forced a separate high-exposure cohort, so a carefully matched repeat is needed before applying the result to public exposures.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/if-001/"}, {"id": "SF-001", "author": "Theysohn et al.", "full_authors": "Jens M. Theysohn; Oliver Kraff; Kristina Eilers; Dorian Andrade; Marcus Gerwig; Dagmar Timmann; Franz Schmitt; Mark E. Ladd; Susanne C. Ladd; Andreas K. Bitz", "year": "2014", "title": "Vestibular Effects of a 7 Tesla MRI Examination Compared to 1.5 T and 0 T in Healthy Volunteers", "journal": "plos one", "citation": "Theysohn JM, Kraff O, Eilers K, Andrade D, Gerwig M, Timmann D, Schmitt F, Ladd ME, Ladd SC, Bitz AK. Vestibular Effects of a 7 Tesla MRI Examination Compared to 1.5 T and 0 T in Healthy Volunteers. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(3):e92104. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092104.", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0092104", "pmid": "24658179", "topic": "Intermediate and static fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Tesla-scale MRI static magnetic fields and motion through gradients.", "design": "Human experiment.", "finding": "Affirmative vestibular or neurobehavioural finding described in discovery dossier.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Retained in a separate regime-specific catalogue. No inference to Wi-Fi or mobile-phone exposures.", "related": "", "protection_question": "How might temporary balance changes affect scanning or work near strong MRI magnets? The original experiment remains to be reviewed; this static-field lead cannot support a phone or Wi-Fi protection claim.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092104", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092104 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24658179/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Transient balance changes at 7 tesla", "why_this_matters": "This retrieval lead concerns temporary balance effects around a very strong MRI magnet. Such effects could matter to the experience of a scan and to work near scanners. The original experiment still needs review; an MRI static field is physically different from a phone or Wi-Fi signal.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/sf-001/"}, {"id": "SF-002", "author": "de Vocht et al.", "full_authors": "Frank de Vocht; Tobias Stevens; Berna van Wendel-de-Joode; Hans Engels; Hans Kromhout", "year": "2006", "title": "Acute neurobehavioral effects of exposure to static magnetic fields: Analyses of exposure-response relations", "journal": "journal of magnetic resonance imaging", "citation": "de Vocht F, Stevens T, van Wendel-de-Joode B, Engels H, Kromhout H. Acute neurobehavioral effects of exposure to static magnetic fields: Analyses of exposure-response relations. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2006;23(3):291-297. doi:10.1002/jmri.20510.", "doi": "10.1002/jmri.20510", "pmid": "16463303", "topic": "Intermediate and static fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Tesla-scale MRI static magnetic fields and motion through gradients.", "design": "Human experiment.", "finding": "Affirmative vestibular or neurobehavioural finding described in discovery dossier.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Retained in a separate regime-specific catalogue. No inference to Wi-Fi or mobile-phone exposures.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Does movement through an MRI stray field affect short-term performance? Verification of the original methods and results remains necessary before this lead can inform workplace protection.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20510", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20510 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16463303/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Performance during movement in MRI stray fields", "why_this_matters": "Work near an MRI scanner raises a question about movement through the field as well as field strength. This human-experiment retrieval lead concerns short-term performance. Its original methods and results still need verification before it can inform workplace practice; it does not assess mobile-phone exposure.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/sf-002/"}, {"id": "SF-003", "author": "Heinrich et al.", "full_authors": "Angela Heinrich; Anne Szostek; Patric Meyer; Iris Reinhard; Maria Gilles; Georgios Paslakis; Jaane Rauschenberg; Jens Gröbner; Wolfhard Semmler; Michael Deuschle; Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg; Herta Flor; Frauke Nees", "year": "2014", "title": "Women are more strongly affected by dizziness in static magnetic fields of magnetic resonance imaging scanners", "journal": "neuroreport", "citation": "Heinrich A, Szostek A, Meyer P, Reinhard I, Gilles M, Paslakis G, Rauschenberg J, Gröbner J, Semmler W, Deuschle M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Flor H, Nees F. Women are more strongly affected by dizziness in static magnetic fields of magnetic resonance imaging scanners. NeuroReport. 2014;25(14):1081-1084. doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000225.", "doi": "10.1097/WNR.0000000000000225", "pmid": "25089803", "topic": "Intermediate and static fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Tesla-scale MRI static magnetic fields and motion through gradients.", "design": "Human experiment.", "finding": "Affirmative vestibular or neurobehavioural finding described in discovery dossier.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Retained in a separate regime-specific catalogue. No inference to Wi-Fi or mobile-phone exposures.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Is any sex difference in MRI-associated dizziness reproducible and relevant to susceptibility? Original results remain unverified, so the title alone cannot establish the effect or justify wider extrapolation.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000225", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000225 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25089803/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Sex differences in MRI associated dizziness", "why_this_matters": "This retrieval lead raises a specific question about whether women and men experience MRI-related dizziness differently. Understanding any reproducible difference could help assessments account for individual susceptibility. The original experiment must be checked before treating the title's claim as established or generalising it to other electromagnetic exposures.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/sf-003/"}, {"id": "SF-004", "author": "Pogson et al.", "full_authors": "Jacob M. Pogson; Ari Shemesh; Dale C. Roberts; David S. Zee; Jorge Otero-Milan; Bryan K. Ward", "year": "2023", "title": "Longer duration entry mitigates nystagmus and vertigo in 7-Tesla MRI", "journal": "frontiers in neurology", "citation": "Pogson JM, Shemesh A, Roberts DC, Zee DS, Otero-Milan J, Ward BK. Longer duration entry mitigates nystagmus and vertigo in 7-Tesla MRI. Frontiers in Neurology. 2023;14:1255105. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1255105.", "doi": "10.3389/fneur.2023.1255105", "pmid": "38046576", "topic": "Intermediate and static fields", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Tesla-scale MRI static magnetic fields and motion through gradients.", "design": "Human experiment.", "finding": "Affirmative vestibular or neurobehavioural finding described in discovery dossier.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Retained in a separate regime-specific catalogue. No inference to Wi-Fi or mobile-phone exposures.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Could entry speed influence dizziness and involuntary eye movements near a strong MRI magnet? The lead raises a practical question, but its unreviewed original results do not yet support a clinical recommendation.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1255105", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1255105 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38046576/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Slower MRI entry and vestibular responses", "why_this_matters": "This retrieval lead asks a practical question: whether entering a strong MRI magnet more slowly reduces dizziness and involuntary eye movements. Those eye movements are called nystagmus. Full methods and results need review before any clinical recommendation, but the proposed link between movement and symptoms is directly testable.", "categories": ["other-fields"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/sf-004/"}, {"id": "ECO-001", "author": "Everaert and Bauwens", "full_authors": "Joris Everaert; Dirk Bauwens", "year": "2007", "title": "A Possible Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation from Mobile Phone Base Stations on the Number of Breeding House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)", "journal": "electromagnetic biology and medicine", "citation": "Everaert J, Bauwens D. A Possible Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation from Mobile Phone Base Stations on the Number of Breeding House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2007;26(1):63-72. doi:10.1080/15368370701205693.", "doi": "10.1080/15368370701205693", "pmid": "17454083", "topic": "Environmental effects", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "See original source for calibrated field and modulation conditions.", "design": "Observational or experimental ecology; original methods pending.", "finding": "Discovery dossier reports negative association between house-sparrow abundance and measured GSM fields.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "A retrieval entry, not a verified ecological causal conclusion.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Does the sparrow-abundance association persist after accounting for habitat and other local conditions? Until original methods and analyses are checked, this is a field-observation lead rather than an ecological causal finding.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370701205693", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370701205693 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17454083/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Wildlife", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Sparrow abundance and measured base station fields", "why_this_matters": "This retrieval lead concerns whether house-sparrow abundance varies with measured base-station fields. It brings free-living wildlife into the assessment, where habitat and other local conditions can also shape results. The original design and analyses need checking before an observed association can support a causal ecological claim.", "categories": ["environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/eco-001/"}, {"id": "ECO-002", "author": "Waldmann-Selsam et al.", "full_authors": "Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam; Alfonso Balmori-de la Puente; Helmut Breunig; Alfonso Balmori", "year": "2016", "title": "Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations", "journal": "the science of the total environment", "citation": "Waldmann-Selsam C, Balmori-de la Puente A, Breunig H, Balmori A. Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations. Science of The Total Environment. 2016;572:554-569. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.045.", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.045", "pmid": "27552133", "topic": "Environmental effects", "verification_group": "Retrieval lead", "record_role": "Retrieval lead", "featured": "False", "exposure": "See original source for calibrated field and modulation conditions.", "design": "Observational or experimental ecology; original methods pending.", "finding": "Discovery dossier describes spatial correspondence between crown damage and measured RF exposure.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "A retrieval entry, not a verified ecological causal conclusion.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Does the spatial observation distinguish RF from other causes of tree damage? Original comparison sites and methods remain unreviewed; the paper's causal title cannot substitute for verified evidence.", "access": "Record verified; full text still required", "locator": "", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.045", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.045 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27552133/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Wildlife", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Tree damage and spatial exposure observations", "why_this_matters": "Tree-crown damage is a visible ecological endpoint, and this retrieval lead describes its spatial relationship with measured RF fields. The observation deserves examination alongside other causes of tree damage. Original methods and comparison sites remain unreviewed here, so the paper's causal title is not adopted as a verified conclusion.", "categories": ["environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/eco-002/"}, {"id": "ECO-003", "author": "Odemer and Odemer", "full_authors": "Richard Odemer; Franziska Odemer", "year": "2019", "title": "Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMF) on honey bee queen development and mating success", "journal": "the science of the total environment", "citation": "Odemer R,Odemer F. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation(RF-EMF) on honey bee queen development and mating success. Science of the Total Environment.2019;661:553-562. DOI10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.154.", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.154", "pmid": "30682608", "topic": "Environmental effects", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "900 MHz GSM AEG handset attached to grafting frame;15 two-minute calls/day for about 14 days; queen cups within~21 cm. Off-phone controls. Human phantom handset SAR0.59/1.16 W/kg is not bee SAR.", "design": "Two paired queen-rearing colony replicates;26 grafted larvae per treatment/replicate,52 per treatment total. Hohenheim 2018; surviving queens tested for mating and 9 subsequent colonies followed to day 88.", "finding": "Reduction from original grafts to hatching:30.8% controls versus 61.5% exposed,LogRank P=.0065. Overall mortality HR2.3,P=.003; mating among hatched queens and later colony sizes not significantly different.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Only two rearing-colony pairs; colony nesting remains a limitation. Handset exposure is explicitly an unrepresentative worst-case apiary scenario; human SAR rating does not measure bee absorption. No established colony-collapse cause.", "related": "Hohenheim programme, distinct experiment/setup from Treder 2023. Shared institution does not establish shared colonies.", "protection_question": "Is the reduced queen hatching reproducible under well-characterised, environmentally relevant exposure? Two colony pairs and an unusual handset arrangement limit translation to bee populations or wider colony losses.", "access": "Original author-hosted 10-page published PDF methods/results/disclosures reviewed; upgraded from retrieval lead.", "locator": "Sections 2.2-2.3,3.1-3.3; Figures 3-6; Conclusion; Funding/Declarations.", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Authors report no specific public,commercial or nonprofit grant.", "conflicts": "Declarations of interest:none.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.154", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.154 | https://richard.odemer.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Odemer-Odemer-2019_EMF_Qeen_Development.pdf | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30682608/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Wildlife", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Bee queen development under GSM exposure", "why_this_matters": "Fewer queen larvae reached hatching in the exposed group. Because queen development is central to a bee colony, this is a meaningful outcome for environmental assessment. Only two pairs of rearing colonies were studied under an unusual handset-exposure arrangement; the result cannot establish a cause of wider colony losses.", "categories": ["environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/eco-003/"}, {"id": "ECO-004", "author": "Treder et al.", "full_authors": "Manuel Treder; Marcus Müller; Larissa Fellner; Kirsten Traynor; Peter Rosenkranz", "year": "2023", "title": "Defined exposure of honey bee colonies to simulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF): Negative effects on the homing ability, but not on brood development or longevity", "journal": "the science of the total environment", "citation": "Treder M,Müller M,Fellner L,Traynor K,Rosenkranz P. Defined exposure of honey bee colonies to simulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields(RF-EMF): Negative effects on the homing ability,but not on brood development or longevity. Science of the Total Environment.2023;896:165211. DOI10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165211.", "doi": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165211", "pmid": "37391156", "topic": "Environmental effects", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "Simultaneous 2.450/5.805 GHz IEEE802.11 a OFDM packets,100% duty,continuous 12 weeks in 2020/14 weeks in 2021; homing after~7 weeks plus 40 min outside hives. EIRP177.83/10 mW per side; colonies 2 m from emitter; controls>100-fold lower. No bee SAR.", "design": "Hohenheim field experiments 2020/2021;16 colonies randomly split 8/8. Long-term homing:4 hives/group,8 paired trials,~160 bees. Short-term:9 additional colonies,11 trials,~200 bees. GLMM includes hive/trial random factors.", "finding": "Long-term return 78.6% exposed versus 95.2% control, GLMM P=.0064; return time nonsignificant. Short-term 40 min return 90.0% versus 86.6%, P=.4696. Brood development and overall 28-day survival were not significantly different (survival Log-Rank P=.102). A partial day 11-29 foraging-age-window survival analysis differed (Wilcoxon P=.042; exposed n=280, control n=217).", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Fitness-related field endpoint with engineered signal; 100% duty is not all typical Wi-Fi. Exposure geometry confounded with location; observer blinding unestablished; independent replication absent. The partial survival-window result is exploratory and does not establish a shortened overall lifespan. No inference of colony collapse, human risk or cellular 5G effects.", "related": "Hohenheim/KIT programme; different protocol from Odemer 2019. Shared network is not independent laboratory replication.", "protection_question": "Could prolonged exposure impair navigation under field-relevant conditions? Reduced homing is functionally important, but site confounding, absent independent replication and unchanged overall survival limit an ecological risk conclusion.", "access": "Original nine-page KIT repository PDF reviewed; methods,Tables 1-3,results and disclosures checked; upgraded from retrieval lead.", "locator": "Sections 2.1-2.6; Tables 1-3; Sections 3.2-3.3; Figures 6-7; Funding/Declaration.", "notice": "Primary PubMed linked-notice record checked 20 Oct 2026; no correction, concern or retraction linked at check. This is not an exhaustive publisher-history certification.", "funding": "Ministerium für Ernährung,Ländlichen Raum und Verbraucherschutz Baden-Württemberg.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no known competing financial interests or personal relationships.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165211", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165211 | https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000161328/151145413 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37391156/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Wildlife", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Homing ability of exposed honey bees", "why_this_matters": "Finding the way home is essential to a foraging bee. After prolonged exposure to a continuously transmitting test signal, fewer bees returned successfully. This gives environmental assessment a functional endpoint beyond brood development or overall survival, which were not significantly changed. It does not establish colony collapse or effects in every Wi-Fi setting.", "categories": ["environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/eco-004/"}, {"id": "ECO-005", "author": "Panagopoulos et al.", "full_authors": "Dimitris J. Panagopoulos; Evangelia D. Chavdoula; Lukas H. Margaritis", "year": "2010", "title": "Bioeffects of mobile telephony radiation in relation to its intensity or distance from the antenna", "journal": "international journal of radiation biology", "citation": "Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Margaritis LH. Bioeffects of mobile telephony radiation in relation to its intensity or distance from the antenna. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2010;86(5):345-357. doi:10.3109/09553000903567961.", "doi": "10.3109/09553000903567961", "pmid": "20397839", "topic": "Environmental effects", "verification_group": "Original abstract verified", "record_role": "Original abstract verified", "featured": "False", "exposure": "See original source for calibrated field and modulation conditions.", "design": "Observational or experimental ecology; original methods pending.", "finding": "Discovery dossier reports reduced reproduction and gonadal cell death across selected handset-exposure conditions.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "A retrieval entry, not a verified ecological causal conclusion.", "related": "Athens Panagopoulos/Chavdoula/Margaritis programme. Companion intensity-window paper 10.3109/09553000903567979 is related research and has a separate September 2010 erratum; do not conflate notices.", "protection_question": "Do the original exposure conditions and analyses support the reported fly reproductive effects? Methods remain to be checked, and the figure-label correction belongs with any interpretation of this retrieval lead.", "access": "Original PubMed abstract and complete publisher erratum reviewed; full main-study methods still outstanding.", "locator": "Original abstract; erratum p612/Figure 5 c.", "notice": "Publisher erratum 1July 2010, DOI10.3109/09553002.2010.497612, corrects incompletely labelled Figure 5 c; original online figure corrected. This is a figure-label correction,not a retraction.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/09553000903567961", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3109/09553000903567961 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20397839/ | https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2010.497612", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Wildlife", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Fly reproduction and exposure intensity windows", "why_this_matters": "The reported effects concern fly reproduction, a meaningful outcome for an organism, rather than a cell marker alone. Main-study methods still need checking. A published correction fixes figure labels and must accompany the paper; it does not by itself establish or invalidate the reported reproductive effect.", "categories": ["environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/eco-005/"}, {"id": "ECO-006", "author": "Schwarze et al.", "full_authors": "Susanne Schwarze; Nils-Lasse Schneider; Thomas Reichl; David Dreyer; Nele Lefeldt; Svenja Engels; Neville Baker; P. J. Hore; Henrik Mouritsen", "year": "2016", "title": "Weak Broadband Electromagnetic Fields are More Disruptive to Magnetic Compass Orientation in a Night-Migratory Songbird (Erithacus rubecula) than Strong Narrow-Band Fields", "journal": "Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience", "citation": "Susanne Schwarze; Nils-Lasse Schneider; Thomas Reichl; David Dreyer; Nele Lefeldt; Svenja Engels; Neville Baker; P. J. Hore; Henrik Mouritsen. Weak Broadband Electromagnetic Fields are More Disruptive to Magnetic Compass Orientation in a Night-Migratory Songbird (Erithacus rubecula) than Strong Narrow-Band Fields. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2016;10:55. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00055.", "doi": "10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00055", "pmid": "27047356", "topic": "Environmental sensory function", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "European robins in shielded nonmagnetic chambers; broadband noise approximately 2 kHz-9 MHz versus dummy and narrow-band conditions, under normal and 120°-rotated geomagnetic fields. Table 1 reports broadband summed average magnetic intensity 35 nT; inspect the original spectra rather than treating accumulated max-hold values as instantaneous exposure.", "design": "Double-blind exposure and independent orientation-paper assessment. Four migratory seasons, 2012-2014. Broadband comparison used the same 16 birds across conditions in autumn 2013. Prespecified inactivity/ambiguity exclusions; 4,098 individual tests across the programme.", "finding": "Birds were disoriented under broadband noise but oriented under dummy and selected narrow-band conditions. The earlier claimed highly specific Larmor-frequency resonance was not replicated.", "statistics": "Broadband: normal-field vector r=.17, P≈.60; rotated-field r=.19, P≈.56, n=16 each. Dummy: r=.54, P<.01 and rotated r=.49, P<.05.", "boundary": "Captive-bird compass interference, not demonstrated population decline or human injury. MHz noise does not establish effects of GHz cellular signals. Within-condition Rayleigh tests alone do not quantify between-condition effects; some control orientation shifts differed from the expected 120°.", "related": "Oldenburg/Oxford programme with Engels 2014 and Leberecht 2022. These are not three independent laboratories. Frankfurt/Ritz narrow-band experiments are an earlier separate programme.", "protection_question": "Could exposure interfere with specialised wildlife senses under environmental conditions? Laboratory compass disruption is a functional endpoint, not population decline; this frequency range cannot establish effects from GHz phone signals.", "access": "Original full methods, Table 1, Figures 5-7 and disclosures reviewed via Scite and PMC XML.", "locator": "Table 1; Time-dependent Fields; Data Collection; Figure 6; Discussion; Funding.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "DARPA QuBE; ERC 340451; USAF AF9550-14-1-0095; German BMBF Varying Tunes; DFG MO1408/1-2 and GRK1885; Volkswagenstiftung.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no commercial or financial relationships constituting potential conflicts.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00055", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00055 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4801848/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27047356/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Wildlife", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Double-blind broadband RF disruption of a bird magnetic compass", "why_this_matters": "Migratory songbirds can use the Earth's magnetic field as a compass. In this blinded experiment, electromagnetic noise disrupted that orientation. It asks environmental assessors to consider sensory function. These were laboratory tests with kilohertz-to-megahertz noise, not a study of migration losses or an experiment with GHz phone signals.", "categories": ["environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/eco-006/"}, {"id": "ECO-007", "author": "Leberecht et al.", "full_authors": "Bo Leberecht; Dmitry Kobylkov; Thiemo Karwinkel; Sara Döge; Lars Burnus; Siu Ying Wong; Shambhavi Apte; Katrin Haase; Isabelle Musielak; Raisa Chetverikova; Glen Dautaj; Marco Bassetto; Michael Winklhofer; P. J. Hore; Henrik Mouritsen", "year": "2022", "title": "Broadband 75-85 MHz radiofrequency fields disrupt magnetic compass orientation in night-migratory songbirds consistent with a flavin-based radical pair magnetoreceptor", "journal": "Journal of Comparative Physiology A", "citation": "Bo Leberecht; Dmitry Kobylkov; Thiemo Karwinkel; Sara Döge; Lars Burnus; Siu Ying Wong; Shambhavi Apte; Katrin Haase; Isabelle Musielak; Raisa Chetverikova; Glen Dautaj; Marco Bassetto; Michael Winklhofer; P. J. Hore; Henrik Mouritsen. Broadband 75-85 MHz radiofrequency fields disrupt magnetic compass orientation in night-migratory songbirds consistent with a flavin-based radical pair magnetoreceptor. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 2022;208(1):97-106. doi:10.1007/s00359-021-01537-8.", "doi": "10.1007/s00359-021-01537-8", "pmid": "35019998", "topic": "Environmental sensory function", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "True", "exposure": "75-85 MHz broadband noise, 2.53 pT/√Hz reported max-hold spectral density. Three aluminium-shielded chambers; normal and 120°-rotated static magnetic fields. Magnetic/electric spectra measured daily. Spectral density is not total magnetic field.", "design": "Eurasian blackcaps in two seasonal cohorts, spring 2019 and 2021; same individuals tested across four conditions, n=27-32/condition after activity exclusions. Blinded orientation assessment; control pre-screening and subsequent fresh test series.", "finding": "Controls oriented and shifted with the rotated geomagnetic field. Under RF noise, headings were indistinguishable from random and significantly more dispersed than controls.", "statistics": "Normal control: n=32, r=.4018, P=.005; RF: n=27, r=.1237, P=.6655. Rotated control: n=31, r=.4122, P=.0044; RF: n=29, r=.0740, P=.8552. Bootstrap directedness comparisons P=.00854 and .00902.", "boundary": "Laboratory orientation is a functional endpoint, not observed migration mortality, population decline or human health risk. Radical-pair compatibility does not identify the in-vivo sensor conclusively. Same Oldenburg/Oxford research network as 2014/2016.", "related": "Online 2021, issue 2022: one paper. No independent laboratory replication of this 75-85 MHz protocol established in this pass.", "protection_question": "Do environmental spectra overlap conditions that disrupt this bird compass, and are there population consequences? The later frequency-band result extends a related programme rather than providing independent multispecies confirmation.", "access": "Original full methods, results and disclosures reviewed in PMC XML; Scite forward graph traced the programme.", "locator": "Generation and Measurement of Time-dependent Fields; Behavioural Experiments; Figures 2-3; Results.", "notice": "No editorial notice surfaced in the Scite/primary-record checks used for this record; this is not a comprehensive clean-bill certification.", "funding": "DFG SFB1372/GRK1885; DAAD; Lower Saxony Nano-Energieforschung stipend; ERC QuantumBirds 810002; Projekt DEAL open access.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflict of interests.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01537-8", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01537-8 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8918455/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35019998/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Wildlife", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Magnetic-compass disruption extends to 75-85 MHz in blackcaps", "why_this_matters": "A later study in another bird species found disrupted magnetic-compass orientation at 75-85 MHz. It extends the programme to a different frequency band and functional test. Whether such exposure affects wild populations remains unanswered, and this related laboratory programme is not independent confirmation across research groups.", "categories": ["environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/eco-007/"}, {"id": "CTX-001", "author": "Katsumi Imaida", "full_authors": "Katsumi Imaida; Mayumi Kawabe; Jianqing Wang; Masanao Yokohira; Norio Imai; Kang-Hyun Han; Yong-Bum Kim; Sang Bong Jeon; Hye Sun Kim; Young Hwan Ahn", "year": "2026", "title": "The International Collaborative Animal Study of mobile phone radiofrequency radiation carcinogenicity and genotoxicity: the Japanese study", "journal": "Toxicological Sciences", "citation": "Imaida K, Kawabe M, Wang J, Yokohira M, Imai N, Han KH, Kim YB, Jeon SB, Kim HS, Ahn YH. The International Collaborative Animal Study of mobile phone radiofrequency radiation carcinogenicity and genotoxicity: the Japanese study. Toxicological Sciences. 2026;209(3):kfag002. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfag002.", "doi": "10.1093/toxsci/kfag002", "pmid": "41527296", "topic": "Replication and cohort context", "verification_group": "Replication and cohort context", "record_role": "Replication or cohort context", "featured": "False", "exposure": "900 MHz CDMA, target whole-body SAR 4 W/kg in reverberation chambers; daily 18 h20 with 10-min on/off cycles (about 9 h10 RF-on), from maternal gestational day 5 through lactation to postnatal day 21 and then 104 weeks after weaning. Approximately four weeks ran at about 2 W/kg because one amplifier failed.", "design": "70 male Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD offspring/group selected at postnatal day 21 from three maternal groups (30 pregnant females/group): RF, chamber sham and cage control. RF pathology denominator 68 after two equipment-malfunction deaths were excluded.", "finding": "Male-rat follow-up at 4 W/kg, 900 MHz CDMA did not reproduce significant glioma/cardiac-schwannoma increases. Heart schwannoma: one in each cage/sham/RF group. Survival at 105 weeks: cage 34.3% (24/70), sham 42.9% (30/70), RF 64.7% (44/68); two equipment-malfunction deaths excluded. Retain sham comparison.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Specific replication context for RF-001. Lower sham than exposed survival, the amplifier interruption and denominator exclusions require attention. This protocol does not reproduce the Ramazzini lifetime far-field experiment. The Japanese survival issue cannot be generalised to the separate Korean arm.", "related": "", "protection_question": "What explains the different tumour findings across protocols? Japanese survival and equipment issues matter, but cannot explain the separate Korean result or substitute for comparison with the Ramazzini exposure arrangement.", "access": "Primary full-text results/survival and publisher/PubMed records reviewed; not a complete supplement audit.", "locator": "Original accepted manuscript Materials and Methods pp.6-7 (exposure/amplifier); 2-Year Carcinogenicity Study p.12; Figure 2; Results survival p.18. Final Table 2 confirms group denominators 70/70/68.", "notice": "No editorial notice located in DOI/title checks on 2026-10-20; publisher notice-history audit not exhaustive.", "funding": "Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications grant 0155-0094, with Korean-government MSIT/IITP grants RS-2024-00466966 and 2019-0-00102; authors declare no conflicts. Funding text checked in accessible original accepted-manuscript PDF, p 31; final funding-page recheck not completed.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no conflicts or competing interests, as documented in the retrieved source disclosure.", "source_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13078595/", "retrieval_links": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13078595/ | https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfag002 | https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article/209/3/kfag002/8423504 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41527296/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "The International Collaborative Animal Study of mobile phone radiofrequency radiation carcinogenicity and genotoxicity: the Japanese study", "why_this_matters": "This Japanese follow-up did not find significant increases in the brain and heart tumours being investigated. That limits the consistency of the cancer evidence. Survival differed between exposed and comparison animals, and an equipment failure altered part of the exposure; those details matter when comparing the studies.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/ctx-001/"}, {"id": "CTX-002", "author": "Hye Sun Kim", "full_authors": "Hye Sun Kim; Kang-Hyun Han; Yong-Bum Kim; Sang Bong Jeon; Ae-Kyoung Lee; Jung-Ick Moon; Hyung Do Choi; Katsumi Imaida; Masanao Yokohira; Mayumi Kawabe; Norio Imai; Jianqing Wang; Young Hwan Ahn", "year": "2026", "title": "The International Collaborative Animal Study of the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of mobile phone radiofrequency radiation: the Korean study", "journal": "Toxicological Sciences", "citation": "Kim HS, Han KH, Kim YB, Jeon SB, Lee AK, Moon JI, Choi HD, Imaida K, Yokohira M, Kawabe M, Imai N, Wang J, Ahn YH. The International Collaborative Animal Study of the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of mobile phone radiofrequency radiation: the Korean study. Toxicological Sciences. 2026;209(3):kfag001. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfag001.", "doi": "10.1093/toxsci/kfag001", "pmid": "41546387", "topic": "Replication and cohort context", "verification_group": "Replication and cohort context", "record_role": "Replication or cohort context", "featured": "False", "exposure": "900 MHz CDMA-IS95A (1.25-MHz bandwidth), whole-body average SAR 4 W/kg in a reverberation chamber; gestational days 5-21, postnatal days 1-21, then 104 weeks post-weaning (postnatal days 22-749). Daily 18 h20 in 10-min on/off cycles, seven days/week (about 9 h10 RF-on).", "design": "Three groups: RF, identical chamber sham without RF, and standard cage control; 70 male Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats/group for the two-year study. Shared ICAS protocol with Japan; separately conducted and analysed.", "finding": "Separate Korean arm: 70 male rats/group; 900 MHz CDMA, 4 W/kg did not reproduce significant tumour/genotoxic changes. Survival 58.6% RF vs 54.3% sham at 104 weeks was comparable. Shared protocol with Japan; independently conducted/analysed.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Important reproducibility boundary; Japanese differential-survival caveat cannot be applied to Korean arm. No sweeping human-safety inference.", "related": "", "protection_question": "How do the nonconfirming Korean results constrain the positive NTP inference? Comparable group survival rules out borrowing the Japanese survival explanation; exposure and protocol differences still require careful interpretation.", "access": "Primary methods/abstract/results and government BfS discussion reviewed; not full supplemental audit.", "locator": "Original Materials and Methods: RF exposure system; Animal assignment; RF exposure schedule and Figure 2B; 2-year study. Original results survival and tumour tables; final PDF p.14 disclosures.", "notice": "No editorial notice located in DOI/title checks on 2026-10-20; publisher notice-history audit not exhaustive.", "funding": "Korean-government MSIT/IITP grants RS-2024-00466966 and 2019-0-00102, with Japan MIC grant 0155-0094. Original final PDF p 14 states no actual/potential conflicts, no RF-technology commercial funding and no funder role in design, collection, analysis, interpretation, writing or submission decision.", "conflicts": "Authors declare no actual or potential conflicts; no RF-technology commercial funding.", "source_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13017829/", "retrieval_links": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13017829/ | https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfag001 | https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article/209/3/kfag001/8428133 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41546387/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "The International Collaborative Animal Study of the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of mobile phone radiofrequency radiation: the Korean study", "why_this_matters": "The Korean arm also did not confirm the tumour findings, and its exposed and comparison animals had similar survival. That distinction prevents the Japanese survival issue from becoming an explanation for both results. Interpretation must account for this independent arm while preserving the differences from the original positive experiments.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/ctx-002/"}, {"id": "CTX-003", "author": "Alexander Lerchl", "full_authors": "Alexander Lerchl; Melanie Klose; Karen Drees", "year": "2020", "title": "No Increased DNA Damage Observed in the Brain, Liver, and Lung of Fetal Mice Treated With Ethylnitrosourea and Exposed to UMTS Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "Lerchl A, Klose M, Drees K. No Increased DNA Damage Observed in the Brain, Liver, and Lung of Fetal Mice Treated With Ethylnitrosourea and Exposed to UMTS Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41(8):611-616. doi:10.1002/bem.22301.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.22301", "pmid": "33030760", "topic": "Replication and cohort context", "verification_group": "Replication and cohort context", "record_role": "Replication or cohort context", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Approximately 1960 MHz UMTS from gestational day 7, sham/0.04/0.4 W/kg; ENU 40 mg/kg on day 14; fetal brain/liver/lung examined 24, 36 and 72 hours later. Primary abstract gives 24-57 fetuses per subgroup.", "design": "ENU-treated pregnancies with sham or UMTS exposure; fetal brain, liver and lung assessed at 24, 36 and 72 hours after ENU. Primary abstract gives 24-57 fetuses per subgroup; fetal counts do not establish independent dam counts.", "finding": "Fetal follow-up at 0.04/0.4 W/kg did not increase adenyl-DNA-adduct signal after ENU at 24/36/72 hours. Does not retest lifetime tumours or rule out every genotoxic mechanism.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Keep mechanism unresolved; do not present early ENU-adduct potentiation as established.", "related": "2018 BfS-RESFOR-130/18, urn:nbn:de:0221-2018011014465, reports the same mechanistic project; count once.", "protection_question": "What mechanism could account for the lifetime promotion findings? This result leaves early fetal DNA-adduct potentiation unsupported, without retesting tumours or excluding every possible interaction pathway.", "access": "Original abstract plus 2018 government report methods/results reviewed; not whole 2020 article.", "locator": "Original 2020 abstract; Table 1 and Experimental Design/RF-EMF Exposure; 2018 government project methods/results (same project). Full 2020 article not completely audited.", "notice": "No editorial notice located in DOI/title checks on 2026-10-20; publisher notice-history audit not exhaustive.", "funding": "BfS project 3615S82431 is documented in the linked 2018 government report; the 2020 original acknowledgment notes Projekt DEAL open-access support. Full original journal conflict/funding statement not completely audited.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030760/", "retrieval_links": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030760/ | https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22301 | https://doris.bfs.de/jspui/handle/urn:nbn:de:0221-2018011014465", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "No Increased DNA Damage Observed in the Brain, Liver, and Lung of Fetal Mice Treated With Ethylnitrosourea and Exposed to UMTS Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "why_this_matters": "Researchers tested whether RF increased an early form of chemical damage to fetal DNA after a cancer-causing chemical. They did not find the proposed increase. That result limits one explanation of the tumour-promotion findings; it does not repeat the lifetime cancer experiments or settle every possible mechanism.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/ctx-003/"}, {"id": "CTX-004", "author": "Germano Oberto", "full_authors": "Germano Oberto; Katia Rolfo; Ping Yu; Michela Carbonatto; Sergio Peano; Niels Kuster; Sven Ebert; Santi Tofani", "year": "2007", "title": "Carcinogenicity Study of 217 Hz Pulsed 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields inPim1Transgenic Mice", "journal": "Radiation Research", "citation": "Oberto G, Rolfo K, Yu P, Carbonatto M, Peano S, Kuster N, Ebert S, Tofani S. Carcinogenicity Study of 217 Hz Pulsed 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields inPim1Transgenic Mice. Radiation Research. 2007;168(3):316-326. doi:10.1667/rr0425.1.", "doi": "10.1667/RR0425.1", "pmid": "17705642", "topic": "Replication and cohort context", "verification_group": "Replication and cohort context", "record_role": "Replication or cohort context", "featured": "False", "exposure": "900 MHz, 217-Hz pulsed fields; whole-body SAR 0.5, 1.4 or 4 W/kg; one hour/day for 18 months.", "design": "E-mu-Pim1 transgenic mice; 50 males and 50 females/group, with RF groups versus sham and cage controls. Blinded attempted replication of RF-024. Tubes restrained animals, unlike the original free-movement arrangement.", "finding": "Blinded attempted RF-024 replication: 50/sex/group, 0.5/1.4/4 W/kg, one hour/day for 18 months; no tumour-site increase. Tubes restrained animals, unlike original free movement.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "RF-024 should not be described as independently established. Utteridge 2002 also did not confirm; DOI 10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0357:LTEOEP]2.0.CO;2.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Is the original lymphoma signal reproducible in the susceptible model? Differences in restraint and exposure remain relevant, but nonconfirming attempts prevent treating the effect as independently established.", "access": "Primary PubMed abstract/method summary checked.", "locator": "Original abstract, Radiation Research 2007;168(3):316-326; full-method audit incomplete.", "notice": "No additional editorial notice established in the retrieved original record.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved material.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved material.", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17705642/", "retrieval_links": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17705642/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Carcinogenicity Study of 217 Hz Pulsed 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields inPim1Transgenic Mice", "why_this_matters": "An independent attempt did not reproduce the lymphoma increase seen in genetically susceptible mice. This keeps a striking original finding from being presented as a settled susceptibility effect. Differences in dose and restraint need comparison, but they cannot simply be assumed to explain the failure to replicate.", "categories": ["cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/ctx-004/"}, {"id": "CTX-005", "author": "Grafström et al.", "full_authors": "Gustav Grafström; Henrietta Nittby; Arne Brun; Lars Malmgren; Bertil R. R. Persson; Leif G. Salford; Jacob Eberhardt", "year": "2008", "title": "Histopathological examinations of rat brains after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation", "journal": "Brain Research Bulletin", "citation": "Grafström G, Nittby H, Brun A, Malmgren L, Persson BRR, Salford LG, Eberhardt J. Histopathological examinations of rat brains after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation. Brain Research Bulletin. 2008;77(5):257-263. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.004.", "doi": "10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.004", "pmid": "18782606", "topic": "Animal cognition; linked pathology", "verification_group": "Replication and cohort context", "record_role": "Replication or cohort context", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Same weekly GSM-900 exposures for 55 weeks as RF-029; initial whole-body SAR 0.0006 or 0.06 W/kg; final approximately 0.0004 or 0.04 W/kg. Animals examined 6-7 weeks after last exposure.", "design": "Original methods: 56 randomized mixed-sex Fischer 344 rats, four groups (16 low,16 high,16 sham,8 cage); 54 brains available; neuropathologist blind, cresyl violet/albumin/GFAP/Sudan Black B/Gallyas staining.", "finding": "Blinded histology found no significant group differences in albumin leakage, dark neurons, glial reactions, lipofuscin or cytoskeletal/neuritic changes. No correlation joined albumin leakage/dark neurons to cognitive performance. Thus the cognitive observation was not explained by demonstrated neuronal damage.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Included solely as a necessary same-cohort interpretive boundary, not as a separately recruited reassuring-literature sample. Brain-SAR orientation variability was substantial (56% standard deviation around average). Later review quoted an erroneous 0.06-0.6 W/kg range; use original units.", "related": "Identical animals to RF-029; count once. Earlier acute Salford experiments differ in regimen and age.", "protection_question": "Can a memory-test difference be explained by neuronal damage in these rats? The companion histology did not demonstrate it. Functional and tissue endpoints remain distinct, and these publications represent the same cohort.", "access": "Original indexed body, all 35,875 characters read through Scite", "locator": "GSM exposure; Animals; Histopathology and methods; Histopathological examinations; Individual correlation; Discussion", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists.", "funding": "Not stated in indexed body obtained; not inferred.", "conflicts": "Not stated in indexed body obtained; not inferred.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.004", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.004 | https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/1243196 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18782606/", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Essential same-cohort boundary for Nittby's cognitive finding", "why_this_matters": "These are the same rats used for the memory paper RF-029 . Their brain-tissue examination did not demonstrate neuronal injury. Reading both papers together prevents a memory-test result from becoming an unsupported claim of brain-cell loss, and prevents one experiment from being counted twice.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/ctx-005/"}, {"id": "CTX-006", "author": "Masuda et al.", "full_authors": "Hiroshi Masuda; Akira Ushiyama; Miyuki Takahashi; Jianqing Wang; Osamu Fujiwara; Takashi Hikage; Toshio Nojima; Koji Fujita; Motoshige Kudo; Chiyoji Ohkubo", "year": "2009", "title": "Effects of 915 MHz electromagnetic-field radiation in TEM cell on the blood-brain barrier and neurons in the rat brain", "journal": "Radiation Research", "citation": "Masuda H, Ushiyama A, Takahashi M, Wang J, Fujiwara O, Hikage T, Nojima T, Fujita K, Kudo M, Ohkubo C. Effects of 915 MHz Electromagnetic-Field Radiation in TEM Cell on the Blood-Brain Barrier and Neurons in the Rat Brain. Radiation Research. 2009;172(1):66-73. doi:10.1667/rr1542.1.", "doi": "10.1667/RR1542.1", "pmid": "19580508", "topic": "Specific neuropathology replication", "verification_group": "Replication and cohort context", "record_role": "Replication or cohort context", "featured": "False", "exposure": "915 MHz TEM cells, one 2-h exposure; whole-body average SAR 0,0.02,0.2,2 W/kg; examination 14 and 50 days later.", "design": "64 male F344 rats aged 12 weeks; histology and immunohistochemistry; hematoxylin/eosin dark-neuron assessment. Full methodological audit incomplete.", "finding": "Original abstract: no albumin immunoreactivity in exposed groups; dark neurons rare and not significantly different between active and sham groups. The authors explicitly failed to confirm Salford's result.", "statistics": "", "boundary": "Specific replication context required for faithful RF-020 interpretation. Does not test Salford's lowest 0.002-W/kg group, and differs in sex/age selection and staining. Not used as a general safety conclusion.", "related": "Independent National Institute of Public Health/Japanese collaborators; targeted RF-020 replication rather than related Lund follow-up.", "protection_question": "How do assay, animal and exposure differences affect the original pathology signal? Nonconfirmation limits certainty; neither small study alone can establish a harmful threshold or a general human safety conclusion.", "access": "Original abstract through Scite/PubMed; Kyoto repository link identified but did not return readable PDF", "locator": "Original abstract; article pp.66-73 full-methods retrieval outstanding", "notice": "Scite metadata checked 20 Oct 2026; no editorial notice returned. Primary bibliographic records and targeted notices were checked where retrievable; no retraction or expression of concern located. This is not certification that no notice exists.", "funding": "PubMed classifies non-US government support; specific grant not verified.", "conflicts": "Not reported in retrieved abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1542.1", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1542.1 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19580508/ | https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/bitstreams/1a712cea-aba3-4da0-abd6-1da8290058b5/download", "verification_date": "2026-10-20", "discovery_id": "", "technology_tracks": "", "technology_connection": "", "publication_type": "", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "", "heading": "Independent test limiting the certainty of the Salford finding", "why_this_matters": "An independent laboratory did not confirm Salford's reported brain-tissue changes. The exposure range and tissue staining were not identical, so the comparison needs care. It keeps reproducibility central. A common blinded protocol could help clarify the difference before conclusions about harmful exposure levels.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/ctx-006/"}, {"id": "WEB-001", "author": "Joushomme et al.", "full_authors": "Alexandre Joushomme; Rosa Orlacchio; Lorenza Patrignoni; Anne Canovi; Yann Loïck Chappe; Florence Poulletier De Gannes; Annabelle Hurtier; André Garenne; Isabelle Lagroye; François Moisan; Muriel Cario; Philippe Lévêque; Delia Arnaud-Cormos; Yann Percherancier", "year": "2023", "title": "Effects of 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency field exposures on HSF1, RAS, ERK, and PML activation in live fibroblasts and keratinocytes cells", "journal": "Scientific reports", "citation": "Alexandre Joushomme; Rosa Orlacchio; Lorenza Patrignoni; Anne Canovi; Yann Loïck Chappe; Florence Poulletier De Gannes; Annabelle Hurtier; André Garenne; Isabelle Lagroye; François Moisan; Muriel Cario; Philippe Lévêque; Delia Arnaud-Cormos; Yann Percherancier. Effects of 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency field exposures on HSF1, RAS, ERK, and PML activation in live fibroblasts and keratinocytes cells. Scientific reports. 2023. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35397-w.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-35397-w", "pmid": "37221363", "topic": "5G-modulated signals; Skin-cell signalling", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "5G-modulated 3.5 GHz; SAR 0.25, 1 or 4 W/kg; 24 h continuously or 5 min on/10 min off; temperature compensated around 37°C.", "design": "Human fibroblast and keratinocyte cultures; sham comparisons; BRET signalling assays, with and without chemical stressors.", "finding": "Selected lower-SAR fibroblast conditions reduced basal HSF1 signal; continuous exposure slightly reduced arsenic-triggered PML SUMOylation. Other signalling results varied across cell type and condition.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Mixed, non-monotonic results and many comparisons. Authors found no conclusive overall molecular effect; the selected responses do not demonstrate injury. Correct first author: Joushomme, not Pooam.", "related": " Related 2025 co-exposure follow-up: DOI 10.1002/bem.70026. No marked network/ROS effect at 1/4 W/kg; small RAS/PML variations were inconsistent. Different protocol, not an exact replication.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Funding The research leading to these results received funding from the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) under grant agreement EST-19 RF-18 (the 5G-SAMU project), and from the New Aquitaine regional council under grant agreement AAPR2020A- 2019-8140010 (The PHYSTRIG project).", "conflicts": "Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35397-w", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35397-w | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37221363/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10203668/ | https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70026", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-001", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Actual 5G-modulated laboratory signal, with mixed exploratory molecular responses; not demonstrated harm.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Cell-signalling changes under a 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz signal", "why_this_matters": "Understanding how new signals interact with living cells starts with measured responses. This experiment found selected changes in stress signalling, with substantial variation across conditions that makes the finding a lead for follow-up.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-001/"}, {"id": "WEB-002", "author": "Jamal et al.", "full_authors": "Layla Jamal; Lisa Michelant; Stéphane Delanaud; Laurent Hugueville; Paul Mazet; Philippe Lévêque; Tamara Baz; Véronique Bach; Brahim Selmaoui", "year": "2024", "title": "Autonomous nervous system responses to environmental-level exposure to 5G's first deployed band (3.5 GHz) in healthy human volunteers", "journal": "Experimental physiology", "citation": "Layla Jamal; Lisa Michelant; Stéphane Delanaud; Laurent Hugueville; Paul Mazet; Philippe Lévêque; Tamara Baz; Véronique Bach; Brahim Selmaoui. Autonomous nervous system responses to environmental-level exposure to 5G's first deployed band (3.5 GHz) in healthy human volunteers. Experimental physiology. 2024. doi:10.1113/ep092083.", "doi": "10.1113/ep092083", "pmid": "39404491", "topic": "Human physiology and function; 3.5 GHz physiological responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Pulse-modulated 3.5 GHz, 577 μs/4.6 ms; 25.5 min; about 2 V/m at head and 1.5 V/m at trunk. Reported head/brain SAR 0.037/0.008 mW/kg.", "design": "44 healthy adults; randomised, counterbalanced, triple-blind sham crossover; temperature and electrodermal recordings.", "finding": "Selected head/neck temperature and electrodermal measures differed during or after exposure.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Differences remained within normal physiological ranges; an uncontrolled factor could contribute. Pulse modulation is documented, NR traffic is not. A 2025 correction adds funding information.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Correction published 13 October 2025 (10.1113/EP093357; PMID 41084331) adds omitted EU funding information; it does not amend the physiological results. Correction text reviewed 21 October 2026.", "funding": "EU Horizon Europe grant 101057262, as supplied by the 2025 correction.", "conflicts": "CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors and their collaborators declare no conflicts of interest.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/ep092083", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1113/ep092083 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39404491/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11607616/ | https://doi.org/10.1113/EP093357 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41084331/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-002", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "brain", "heading": "Skin temperature and autonomic responses during a human 3.5 GHz experiment", "why_this_matters": "Experiments with volunteers can bring exposure questions closer to everyday experience. This blinded study detected small physiological differences that deserve a precise reading and further investigation.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-002/"}, {"id": "WEB-003", "author": "Dasgupta et al.", "full_authors": "Subham Dasgupta; Guangxin Wang; Michael T Simonich; Tingwei Zhang; Lisa Truong; Huaping Liu; Robyn L Tanguay", "year": "2020", "title": "Impacts of high dose 3.5 GHz cellphone radiofrequency on zebrafish embryonic development", "journal": "PloS one", "citation": "Subham Dasgupta; Guangxin Wang; Michael T Simonich; Tingwei Zhang; Lisa Truong; Huaping Liu; Robyn L Tanguay. Impacts of high dose 3.5 GHz cellphone radiofrequency on zebrafish embryonic development. PloS one. 2020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235869.", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0235869", "pmid": "32645106", "topic": "Development and behaviour; 3.5 GHz developmental experiments", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz; estimated SAR 8.27 W/kg; embryo exposure from 6 to 48 h after fertilisation; water maintained near 28–29°C.", "design": "Zebrafish embryos, 144 across three experimental replicates; sham chamber; morphology and behaviour assessed at 120 h.", "finding": "Peak acoustic-startle swim distance was about 16.5% lower in exposed larvae (p=0.045).", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Mortality, morphology and photomotor response were unchanged. High estimated SAR; a frequency-relevant developmental model, not demonstrated 5G traffic or human disease.", "related": "Linked Oregon State programme with WEB-004; publications are not independent replications.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "This project was supported by Internal Pilot Project Funds. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.", "conflicts": "Disclosure statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235869", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235869 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32645106/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7347199/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-003", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "brain|environment", "heading": "A reduced startle response after developmental 3.5 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "Developmental experiments can reveal changes that broad measures of growth miss. Here a modest behavioural response changed even though survival and visible development were unaffected.", "categories": ["brain", "environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-003/"}, {"id": "WEB-004", "author": "Dasgupta et al.", "full_authors": "Subham Dasgupta; Connor Leong; Michael T Simonich; Lisa Truong; Huaping Liu; Robyn L Tanguay", "year": "2022", "title": "Transcriptomic and Long-Term Behavioral Deficits Associated with Developmental 3.5 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation Exposures in Zebrafish", "journal": "Environmental science & technology letters", "citation": "Subham Dasgupta; Connor Leong; Michael T Simonich; Lisa Truong; Huaping Liu; Robyn L Tanguay. Transcriptomic and Long-Term Behavioral Deficits Associated with Developmental 3.5 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation Exposures in Zebrafish. Environmental science & technology letters. 2022. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00037.", "doi": "10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00037", "pmid": "35434172", "topic": "Development and behaviour; 3.5 GHz developmental experiments", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz; estimated SAR 8.27 W/kg; 6–48 h after fertilisation; temperature maintained around 28°C.", "design": "Zebrafish; RNA sequencing at 48 h and behavioural testing after growth to adulthood; sham exposure.", "finding": "28 differentially expressed genes, metabolic-pathway changes and subtle differences in adult behavioural assays were reported.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Modest effects at high estimated SAR. Linked to the earlier larval experiment; not an independent replication and not a test of a standards-specified 5G waveform.", "related": "Same Oregon State programme as WEB-003; methods describe subsampling and follow-up routes.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 10.13039/100000066 P30 ES030287", "conflicts": "Disclosure statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00037", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00037 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35434172/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9009179/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-004", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "brain|environment", "heading": "Gene-expression and adult behaviour findings after embryonic 3.5 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "A developmental response matters more when researchers follow it into later life. This follow-up examined molecular changes and adult behaviour after exposure early in development.", "categories": ["brain", "environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-004/"}, {"id": "WEB-005", "author": "Wang et al.", "full_authors": "Yahong Wang; Hongying Zhang; Ziyan Zhang; Boqun Sun; Chao Tang; Lu Zhang; Zhihao Jiang; Bo Ding; Yanyan Liao; Peng Cai", "year": "2021", "title": "Simulated mobile communication frequencies (3.5 GHz) emitted by a signal generator affects the sleep of Drosophila melanogaster", "journal": "Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)", "citation": "Yahong Wang; Hongying Zhang; Ziyan Zhang; Boqun Sun; Chao Tang; Lu Zhang; Zhihao Jiang; Bo Ding; Yanyan Liao; Peng Cai. Simulated mobile communication frequencies (3.5 GHz) emitted by a signal generator affects the sleep of Drosophila melanogaster. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 2021. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117087.", "doi": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117087", "pmid": "33894629", "topic": "Brain activity and sleep; Insect circadian responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz; incident densities 0.1, 1 and 10 W/m²; short- and long-term protocols. Exact durations and thermal controls not audited from full text.", "design": "Parent and F1 male Drosophila; activity monitoring, gene-expression assays and neurotransmitter measurements.", "finding": "Short exposure increased activity and reduced sleep; longer exposure reduced F1 activity and increased sleep, with circadian/heat-stress gene and GABA/glutamate changes.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only. Authors invoke heat stress; physiological significance and thermal contribution require full methods. A carrier experiment, not established NR exposure.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117087", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117087 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33894629/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-005", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Wildlife", "browse_categories": "brain|environment", "heading": "Activity, sleep and circadian changes in flies exposed at 3.5 GHz", "why_this_matters": "Sleep and biological timing are functions shared across living systems. This experiment offers an insect model for investigating how exposure duration can change the response.", "categories": ["brain", "environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-005/"}, {"id": "WEB-006", "author": "Butković et al.", "full_authors": "Ivan Butković; Silvijo Vince; Martina Lojkić; Ivan Folnožić; Suzana Milinović Tur; Marinko Vilić; Krešimir Malarić; Velimir Berta; Marko Samardžija; Mario Kreszinger; Ivona Žura Žaja", "year": "2024", "title": "Effects of 5G radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on indicators of vitality and DNA integrity of in vitro exposed boar semen", "journal": "Theriogenology", "citation": "Ivan Butković; Silvijo Vince; Martina Lojkić; Ivan Folnožić; Suzana Milinović Tur; Marinko Vilić; Krešimir Malarić; Velimir Berta; Marko Samardžija; Mario Kreszinger; Ivona Žura Žaja. Effects of 5G radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on indicators of vitality and DNA integrity of in vitro exposed boar semen. Theriogenology. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.09.025.", "doi": "10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.09.025", "pmid": "39342826", "topic": "Reproductive DNA integrity; Newer-frequency reproduction", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Continuous 700, 2500 or 3500 MHz; 10 V/m; 2 h in a transverse electromagnetic cell.", "design": "Semen from 12 boars split into paired exposed/control aliquots; DNA fragmentation, membrane integrity and mitochondrial assays.", "finding": "DNA fragmentation increased at all three frequencies; membrane damage also increased at 3.5 GHz.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; dosimetry and temperature methods not fully audited. Isolated semen and continuous carriers do not establish fertility effects from 5G traffic in people.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.09.025", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.09.025 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39342826/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-006", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "reproduction|cells", "heading": "DNA fragmentation in boar sperm exposed to mobile-frequency fields", "why_this_matters": "Reproductive cells provide a direct way to examine DNA integrity. Splitting each donor’s semen between conditions helped this study compare exposed and control material from the same animal.", "categories": ["reproduction", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-006/"}, {"id": "WEB-007", "author": "Yilmaz et al.", "full_authors": "Hamit Yilmaz; Levent Tümkaya; Tolga Mercantepe; Adnan Yılmaz; Fatih Gül; Zehra Topal Suzan", "year": "2025", "title": "Effects of 5G Mobile Phone Network Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Testicular Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Protective Role of Coenzyme Q10", "journal": "Archives of medical research", "citation": "Hamit Yilmaz; Levent Tümkaya; Tolga Mercantepe; Adnan Yılmaz; Fatih Gül; Zehra Topal Suzan. Effects of 5G Mobile Phone Network Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Testicular Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Protective Role of Coenzyme Q10. Archives of medical research. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103157.", "doi": "10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103157", "pmid": "39765017", "topic": "Reproductive cell injury in animals; Newer-frequency reproduction", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "5.9 GHz; 2 h/day for 30 days. Field intensity, SAR and waveform remain unverified.", "design": "24 male Sprague-Dawley rats, eight per control, exposure and exposure-plus-CoQ10 group; histology and biochemical assays.", "finding": "Exposed testes showed oedema, inflammation and spermatogenic-cell loss, with increased TBARS, reduced thiols and increased GRP78/CHOP staining.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; missing dose prevents realistic exposure comparison. The treatment arm does not establish a treatment recommendation. NR modulation is not verified.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103157", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103157 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39765017/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-007", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "reproduction|cells", "heading": "Testicular tissue and stress-marker changes after 5.9 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "Changes in reproductive tissue can help identify which biological processes warrant investigation. This experiment connects tissue findings with markers of cellular stress.", "categories": ["reproduction", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-007/"}, {"id": "WEB-008", "author": "Gautam et al.", "full_authors": "Rohit Gautam; Neha Jha; Anuj Kumar Tomar; Jay Prakash Nirala; Taruna Arora; Paulraj Rajamani", "year": "2026", "title": "Oxidative stress and testicular damage induced by chronic exposure to 35.5 GHz millimeter wave radiation in male Wistar rats", "journal": "Andrology", "citation": "Rohit Gautam; Neha Jha; Anuj Kumar Tomar; Jay Prakash Nirala; Taruna Arora; Paulraj Rajamani. Oxidative stress and testicular damage induced by chronic exposure to 35.5 GHz millimeter wave radiation in male Wistar rats. Andrology. 2026. doi:10.1111/andr.70107.", "doi": "10.1111/andr.70107", "pmid": "40798928", "topic": "Reproductive DNA integrity; Millimetre-wave reproduction", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "35.5 GHz; 2 h/day for 60 days. Intensity, absorbed dose and thermal controls not verified from accessible abstract.", "design": "18 male Wistar rats, six per control, sham and exposed group; sperm, testicular histology, antioxidant and comet assays.", "finding": "Sperm count/viability fell; testicular morphology changed; lipid peroxidation and DNA damage increased while several antioxidant measures decreased.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Small groups and abstract-only methods check. Online August 2025, issue February 2026. A millimetre-wave carrier study, not verified 5G modulation.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.70107", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.70107 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40798928/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-008", "technology_tracks": "5g|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "reproduction|cells", "heading": "Reproductive, oxidative and DNA findings after chronic 35.5 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "Longer exposure experiments at millimetre-wave frequencies are particularly useful to locate. This study reports several reproductive endpoints that can be examined together.", "categories": ["reproduction", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-008/"}, {"id": "WEB-009", "author": "Hairulazam et al.", "full_authors": "Atikah Hairulazam; Siti Fatimah Ibrahim; Khairul Osman; Mohd Helmy Mokhtar; Aini Farzana Zulkefli; Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros; Norazurashima Jamaludin; Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha; Sivasatyan Vijay; Zahriladha Zakaria; Amyrul Azuan Mohd Bahar; Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar", "year": "2026", "title": "Differential Effects of 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz 5G Radiofrequency Exposure on Male Sexual Behaviour and Reproductive Endocrine Function in Rats", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "citation": "Atikah Hairulazam; Siti Fatimah Ibrahim; Khairul Osman; Mohd Helmy Mokhtar; Aini Farzana Zulkefli; Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros; Norazurashima Jamaludin; Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha; Sivasatyan Vijay; Zahriladha Zakaria; Amyrul Azuan Mohd Bahar; Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar. Differential Effects of 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz 5G Radiofrequency Exposure on Male Sexual Behaviour and Reproductive Endocrine Function in Rats. International journal of molecular sciences. 2026. doi:10.3390/ijms27167102.", "doi": "10.3390/ijms27167102", "pmid": "42653107", "topic": "Newer-frequency reproduction; Reproductive endocrine responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 or 24 GHz; 7 h/day for 60 days. 24 GHz source: commercial presence detector; no demonstrated NR signal.", "design": "18 male rats, six per sham/3.5/24 GHz group; mating behaviour, serum hormones and androgen receptors.", "finding": "Selected mating latencies/frequencies and testosterone/oestrogen measures differed by frequency; androgen-receptor expression was unchanged.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Exploratory outcomes without prespecified primary endpoint or multiplicity correction. Small groups; overlap with related UKM publications unresolved. Transmitter power is not absorbed dose.", "related": "UKM research cluster with RF-022 and WEB-010; do not count as independent replications.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Faculty of Medicine Fundamental Grant (GFFP) Faculty of Medicine, UKM FF-2023-176 Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) https://ror.org/05mcs2t73 FRGS/1/2022/SKK06/UKM/03/2 This study was supported by the Faculty of Medicine Fundamental Grant (GFFP), Faculty of Medicine, UKM, under the grant number FF-2023-176. This work was also supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), grant number FRGS/1/2022/SKK06/UKM/03/2, funded by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia.", "conflicts": "Disclosure statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27167102", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27167102 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42653107/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13513241/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-010", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "reproduction", "heading": "Sexual behaviour and hormone differences in a 3.5/24 GHz rat study", "why_this_matters": "Reproductive function involves behaviour and hormones as well as sperm. These observations broaden the endpoints available from one laboratory’s exposure programme.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-009/"}, {"id": "WEB-010", "author": "Hairulazam et al.", "full_authors": "Atikah Hairulazam; Siti Fatimah Ibrahim; Khairul Osman; Mohd Helmy Mokhtar; Aini Farzana Zulkefli; Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros; Norazurashima Jamaludin; Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha; Sivasatyan Vijay; Zahriladha Zakaria; Amyrul Azuan Mohd Bahar; Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar", "year": "2026", "title": "Effects of 5G frequencies on sperm parameters, mating success, and offspring outcomes in rats", "journal": "The Indian journal of medical research", "citation": "Atikah Hairulazam; Siti Fatimah Ibrahim; Khairul Osman; Mohd Helmy Mokhtar; Aini Farzana Zulkefli; Mohd Farisyam Mat Ros; Norazurashima Jamaludin; Syed Muhamad Asyraf Syed Taha; Sivasatyan Vijay; Zahriladha Zakaria; Amyrul Azuan Mohd Bahar; Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar. Effects of 5G frequencies on sperm parameters, mating success, and offspring outcomes in rats. The Indian journal of medical research. 2026. doi:10.25259/ijmr_3658_2025.", "doi": "10.25259/ijmr_3658_2025", "pmid": "42690869", "topic": "Newer-frequency reproduction; Developmental reproductive effects", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 or 24 GHz; 7 h/day for 60 days. 3.5 GHz antenna and 24 GHz presence detector; no verified NR waveform.", "design": "18 male rats, six per group; 18 females for mating after day 46; sperm and pregnancy/birth observations. No blinding.", "finding": "Sperm concentration/motility decreased; selected pregnancy, live-birth, congenital-anomaly and birth-weight differences were reported.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Small groups; 24 GHz pregnancy difference involved one pregnancy; viability unchanged. Shared-cohort provenance with the UKM series unresolved; these findings do not establish effects from deployed 5G.", "related": "UKM cluster with RF-022 and WEB-009; possible overlapping animals/protocols.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Funding statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "conflicts": "Conflicts of Interest None.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.25259/ijmr_3658_2025", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.25259/ijmr_3658_2025 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42690869/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13541190/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-5G-011", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant mobile-frequency experiment; waveform and dose described in this record.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "reproduction", "heading": "Sperm and offspring outcomes in a 3.5/24 GHz rat experiment", "why_this_matters": "Fertility questions extend from sperm measurements to mating and offspring. This study followed those outcomes, while its small groups and unblinded assessments remain important to interpretation.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-010/"}, {"id": "WEB-011", "author": "Ijima et al.", "full_authors": "Etsuko Ijima; Akiko Nagai; Kun Li; Takashi Hikage; Naomi Kamizawa; Emi Hidaka; Yukina Tsuruta; Tatsuya Ishitake; Hiroshi Masuda", "year": "2025", "title": "Histological and inflammatory effects of 26.5 GHz quasi-millimeter wave exposure on rat skin", "journal": "Frontiers in public health", "citation": "Etsuko Ijima; Akiko Nagai; Kun Li; Takashi Hikage; Naomi Kamizawa; Emi Hidaka; Yukina Tsuruta; Tatsuya Ishitake; Hiroshi Masuda. Histological and inflammatory effects of 26.5 GHz quasi-millimeter wave exposure on rat skin. Frontiers in public health. 2025. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1580155.", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2025.1580155", "pmid": "40589806", "topic": "Skin injury and inflammation; Millimetre-wave thermal thresholds", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "26.5 GHz dorsal-skin exposure; absorbed power density 0, 250, 370 or 500 W/m²; 18 min; terminal skin temperatures about 39.0, 42.4 and 44.8°C in exposed groups.", "design": "Local rat-skin experiment; blinded histological scoring; inflammatory tissue/serum markers.", "finding": "At 500 W/m², blistering, epidermal thickening and oedema accompanied elevated iNOS/Iba1; serum PGE₂ increased with dose.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "High-level thermal injury regime. Lower exposures lacked distinct gross histological injury; serum TNF-α/IL-6 were undetectable. Not a study of ordinary network or scanner exposure.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Funding Statement The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This work was conducted under the project “Study on the biological effects on thermal physiology and cellular functions during millimeter-wave exposure” by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan (Grant Number: JPMI10001).", "conflicts": "Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1580155", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1580155 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40589806/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12206703/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-MMW-001", "technology_tracks": "millimetre|5g|scanners", "technology_connection": "Millimetre-wave laboratory biology; frequency overlap does not demonstrate effects from a deployed system.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Skin injury and inflammation at high absorbed power at 26.5 GHz", "why_this_matters": "Knowing the conditions that produce tissue injury is part of understanding an exposure. This carefully characterised experiment relates absorbed power to skin temperature and inflammation.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-011/"}, {"id": "WEB-012", "author": "Kojima et al.", "full_authors": "Masami Kojima; Takafumi Tasaki; Toshio Kamijo; Aki Hada; Yukihisa Suzuki; Alfred Kik; Masateru Ikehata; Hiroshi Sasaki", "year": "2025", "title": "Investigation of the Ocular Response and Corneal Damage Threshold of Exposure to 28 GHz Quasi-millimeter Wave Exposure", "journal": "Health physics", "citation": "Masami Kojima; Takafumi Tasaki; Toshio Kamijo; Aki Hada; Yukihisa Suzuki; Alfred Kik; Masateru Ikehata; Hiroshi Sasaki. Investigation of the Ocular Response and Corneal Damage Threshold of Exposure to 28 GHz Quasi-millimeter Wave Exposure. Health physics. 2025. doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000001951.", "doi": "10.1097/hp.0000000000001951", "pmid": "39787318", "topic": "Ocular effects and corneal injury; Millimetre-wave thermal thresholds", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "28 GHz local rabbit-eye exposure for 6 min; injury at 400 mW/cm²; estimated 50% damage threshold 359 mW/cm².", "design": "Rabbit ocular-response experiment; corneal epithelial injury, oedema and opacity assessed.", "finding": "Acute corneal damage occurred at high incident power; the authors estimated a dose-related injury threshold.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only. High-power animal hazard experiment, not passenger-scanner or everyday 5G exposure. A matching carrier cannot establish equivalence of dose or waveform.", "related": "Related Japanese ocular programme with WEB-021, WEB-022 and WEB-017.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001951", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001951 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39787318/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-MMW-002", "technology_tracks": "millimetre|5g|scanners", "technology_connection": "Millimetre-wave laboratory biology; frequency overlap does not demonstrate effects from a deployed system.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Corneal damage thresholds during high-power 28 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "The eye is an important tissue to examine at higher frequencies. This experiment measures an injury threshold under a defined laboratory exposure.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-012/"}, {"id": "WEB-013", "author": "Rampazzo et al.", "full_authors": "Elena Rampazzo; Luca Persano; Nissar Karim; George Hodgking; Rosanna Pinto; Arianna Casciati; Mirella Tanori; Alessandro Zambotti; Silvia Bresolin; Alice Cani; Alessandro Pannicelli; Ilan W Davies; Cristopher Hancock; Cristiano Palego; Giampietro Viola; Mariateresa Mancuso; Caterina Merla", "year": "2024", "title": "On the effects of 30.5 GHz sinusoidal wave exposure on glioblastoma organoids", "journal": "Frontiers in oncology", "citation": "Elena Rampazzo; Luca Persano; Nissar Karim; George Hodgking; Rosanna Pinto; Arianna Casciati; Mirella Tanori; Alessandro Zambotti; Silvia Bresolin; Alice Cani; Alessandro Pannicelli; Ilan W Davies; Cristopher Hancock; Cristiano Palego; Giampietro Viola; Mariateresa Mancuso; Caterina Merla. On the effects of 30.5 GHz sinusoidal wave exposure on glioblastoma organoids. Frontiers in oncology. 2024. doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1307516.", "doi": "10.3389/fonc.2024.1307516", "pmid": "38884089", "topic": "Tumour-organoid responses; Millimetre-wave cellular responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "30.5 GHz continuous wave; 0.1 W RMS for 20 min or 0.2 W for 10 min; temperature monitored and modelled. Generator power is not tissue SAR.", "design": "Patient-derived glioblastoma organoids from three specimens; sham comparisons; molecular, proliferation/apoptosis and temozolomide-response assays.", "finding": "Gene expression, proliferation and selected apoptosis measures changed; one exposure condition increased the response to temozolomide.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Tumour and therapeutic model; not healthy-tissue toxicity or a cancer-induction experiment. Limited donor material. Preserved differentiation markers and thermal/dosimetry context matter.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by Project ECS 0000024 Rome Technopole, -CUP B83C22002820006, NRP Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.5, Funded by the European Union -NextGenerationEU. AC was supported by fellowships from the Umberto Veronesi Foundation (#4420, #4820 and #5216).", "conflicts": "Conflict of interest Authors GH, ID, and CH were employed by the company CREO Medical Limited. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1307516", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1307516 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38884089/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11176452/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-MMW-003", "technology_tracks": "millimetre|5g", "technology_connection": "Millimetre-wave laboratory biology; frequency overlap does not demonstrate effects from a deployed system.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cancer|cells", "heading": "Gene-expression and growth changes in tumour organoids at 30.5 GHz", "why_this_matters": "Three-dimensional tissue models can reveal biological responses missed by simpler assays. This study examines millimetre waves in tumour tissue, with that therapeutic context kept explicit.", "categories": ["cancer", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-013/"}, {"id": "WEB-014", "author": "Shang et al.", "full_authors": "Sen Shang; XingJuan Wu; Qi Zhang; Jiping Zhao; Erling Hu; Leilei Wang; Xiaoyun Lu", "year": "2021", "title": "0.1 THz exposure affects primary hippocampus neuron gene expression via alternating transcription factor binding", "journal": "Biomedical optics express", "citation": "Sen Shang; XingJuan Wu; Qi Zhang; Jiping Zhao; Erling Hu; Leilei Wang; Xiaoyun Lu. 0.1 THz exposure affects primary hippocampus neuron gene expression via alternating transcription factor binding. Biomedical optics express. 2021. doi:10.1364/boe.426928.", "doi": "10.1364/boe.426928", "pmid": "34221691", "topic": "Neural gene expression; Sub-terahertz biological responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "0.1 THz (100 GHz); 33 mW/cm²; 20 min; primary neurons subsequently cultured for 2 h. No significant bulk-medium temperature difference detected.", "design": "Primary rat hippocampal neurons; RNA sequencing, selected qPCR and AP-1 DNA-binding assay; sham comparison.", "finding": "111 genes increased and 54 decreased in expression; AP-1 binding to its DNA probe fell.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Three RNA-sequencing samples per condition; exploratory molecular findings and limited temperature resolution. No demonstrated neuronal injury or future-6G signal exposure.", "related": " Later related records: WEB-049, WEB-048. These are different experiments, not necessarily independent replication.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.426928", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.426928 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34221691/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8221933/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-6G-001", "technology_tracks": "6g|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Sub-terahertz research relevant to examining proposed future bands; not an experiment using a 6G standard.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "brain|cells", "heading": "Gene expression and transcription-factor binding after 100 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "Molecular experiments help identify how a higher-frequency field might interact with cells. This study links gene-expression changes to a measured transcription-factor response.", "categories": ["brain", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-014/"}, {"id": "WEB-015", "author": "Wang et al.", "full_authors": "Yunxia Wang; Yu Xiong; Man Chen; Fei Liu; Haiyan He; Qinlong Ma; Peng Gao; Guiming Xiang; Liqun Zhang", "year": "2023", "title": "The biological effects of terahertz wave radiation-induced injury on neural stem cells", "journal": "iScience", "citation": "Yunxia Wang; Yu Xiong; Man Chen; Fei Liu; Haiyan He; Qinlong Ma; Peng Gao; Guiming Xiang; Liqun Zhang. The biological effects of terahertz wave radiation-induced injury on neural stem cells. iScience. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107418.", "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2023.107418", "pmid": "37771661", "topic": "Neural stem-cell susceptibility; Sub-terahertz biological responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "0.22 THz (220 GHz); 25 or 50 mW/cm² for 5 or 10 min; exposure medium controlled at 25°C with temperature monitoring.", "design": "Human iPSC-derived and mouse neural stem cells; matched non-irradiated controls; flow cytometry and γH2AX staining.", "finding": "Proliferation decreased and apoptosis/DNA-damage signals increased in time/intensity-dependent patterns; human cells were more susceptible under several matched conditions.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "In-vitro susceptibility study with small experimental replication; not human brain exposure or a deployed 6G waveform. Cell conditions and delivered intensity remain essential.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Funding statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "conflicts": "Disclosure statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107418", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107418 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37771661/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10523010/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-6G-002", "technology_tracks": "6g|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Sub-terahertz research relevant to examining proposed future bands; not an experiment using a 6G standard.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "brain|cells", "heading": "Human and mouse neural stem-cell injury under 220 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "Comparing human and animal cells can reveal differences in susceptibility. This experiment investigates proliferation, DNA-damage markers and cell death at a precisely identified sub-terahertz frequency.", "categories": ["brain", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-015/"}, {"id": "WEB-016", "author": "Alexandrov et al.", "full_authors": "Boian S Alexandrov; Kim Ø Rasmussen; Alan R Bishop; Anny Usheva; Ludmil B Alexandrov; Shou Chong; Yossi Dagon; Layla G Booshehri; Charles H Mielke; M Lisa Phipps; Jennifer S Martinez; Hou-Tong Chen; George Rodriguez", "year": "2011", "title": "Non-thermal effects of terahertz radiation on gene expression in mouse stem cells", "journal": "Biomedical optics express", "citation": "Boian S Alexandrov; Kim Ø Rasmussen; Alan R Bishop; Anny Usheva; Ludmil B Alexandrov; Shou Chong; Yossi Dagon; Layla G Booshehri; Charles H Mielke; M Lisa Phipps; Jennifer S Martinez; Hou-Tong Chen; George Rodriguez. Non-thermal effects of terahertz radiation on gene expression in mouse stem cells. Biomedical optics express. 2011. doi:10.1364/boe.2.002679.", "doi": "10.1364/boe.2.002679", "pmid": "21991556", "topic": "Stem-cell transcriptional responses; Higher-terahertz mechanisms", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Broadband pulses centred near 10 THz, about 1 mW/cm²; 2/9 h protocols. Comparison CW source: 2.52 THz, about 3 mW/cm². Temperature monitored.", "design": "Mouse mesenchymal stem-cell cultures; qPCR of selected differentiation and stress-response genes; non-irradiated controls.", "finding": "Prolonged broadband exposure altered selected adipogenic/metabolic genes without broad heat-shock-gene activation.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Small replicate set; related Los Alamos publications share a research lineage. 2.52/10 THz are well above the 90–300 GHz research track; mechanistic context, not direct 6G evidence.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Funding statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "conflicts": "Disclosure statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.2.002679", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.2.002679 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21991556/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3184876/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-6G-003", "technology_tracks": "terahertz", "technology_connection": "Higher-terahertz mechanistic context at 2.52/approximately 10 THz, outside the 90–300 GHz research band; not direct 6G evidence.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Selective stem-cell gene responses to higher-terahertz irradiation", "why_this_matters": "Earlier terahertz experiments can reveal mechanisms worth following. This work belongs in that history, with its much higher frequencies made visible so readers can judge its relevance.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-016/"}, {"id": "WEB-017", "author": "Mizuno et al.", "full_authors": "Maya Mizuno; Hideaki Kitahara; Kensuke Sasaki; Masahiko Tani; Masami Kojima; Yukihisa Suzuki; Takafumi Tasaki; Yoshinori Tatematsu; Masafumi Fukunari; Kanako Wake", "year": "2021", "title": "Dielectric property measurements of corneal tissues for computational dosimetry of the eye in terahertz band in vivo and in vitro", "journal": "Biomedical optics express", "citation": "Maya Mizuno; Hideaki Kitahara; Kensuke Sasaki; Masahiko Tani; Masami Kojima; Yukihisa Suzuki; Takafumi Tasaki; Yoshinori Tatematsu; Masafumi Fukunari; Kanako Wake. Dielectric property measurements of corneal tissues for computational dosimetry of the eye in terahertz band in vivo and in vitro. Biomedical optics express. 2021. doi:10.1364/boe.412769.", "doi": "10.1364/boe.412769", "pmid": "33796354", "topic": "Ocular effects and corneal injury; Sub-terahertz biological responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "162 GHz; 360 or 480 mW/cm² for 6 min; eye-surface temperature rise around/above 5°C associated with drying.", "design": "Rabbit-eye in-vivo reflectance/OCT measurements alongside in-vitro corneal dielectric measurements.", "finding": "Changing reflectance was attributed to drying of tear film and corneal epithelium as temperature increased.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; high-power thermal response and dosimetry study. No direct communications-system experiment and no quantified population risk.", "related": "Japanese ocular research programme; related to WEB-012 and WEB-022.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.412769", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.412769 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33796354/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7984789/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-6G-004", "technology_tracks": "6g|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Sub-terahertz research relevant to examining proposed future bands; not an experiment using a 6G standard.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Corneal drying during high-power 162 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "Tissue condition changes how energy is absorbed. This experiment observes drying of the eye surface during a high-power exposure, alongside measurements intended to improve dosimetry.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-017/"}, {"id": "WEB-018", "author": "Szabo et al.", "full_authors": "I Szabo; M A Rojavin; T J Rogers; M C Ziskin", "year": "2001", "title": "Reactions of keratinocytes to in vitro millimeter wave exposure", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "I Szabo; M A Rojavin; T J Rogers; M C Ziskin. Reactions of keratinocytes to in vitro millimeter wave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 2001. doi:10.1002/bem.62.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.62", "pmid": "11424160", "topic": "Skin-cell signalling; 60 GHz-region biological responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "61.22 GHz; SAR 770 W/kg; 15–30 min.", "design": "HaCaT human keratinocytes in vitro; proliferation, adhesion, migration, chemotaxis and intracellular IL-1β assays.", "finding": "Intracellular IL-1β increased modestly and significantly.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Proliferation, adhesion, migration and chemotaxis were unchanged. Original abstract only; high SAR. Same frequency region as WiGig does not establish WiGig-use harm or an oxygen mechanism.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.62", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.62 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11424160/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-WIGIG-001", "technology_tracks": "wigig|millimetre", "technology_connection": "60 GHz-region experiment; not a test of a WiGig device or an oxygen-deprivation mechanism.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "An inflammatory signalling change in skin cells at 61.22 GHz", "why_this_matters": "Skin cells are directly relevant to superficial millimetre-wave absorption. This experiment found a selective cytokine response among several unchanged cell functions.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-018/"}, {"id": "WEB-019", "author": "Le Quément et al.", "full_authors": "Catherine Le Quément; Christophe Nicolas Nicolaz; Maxim Zhadobov; Fabienne Desmots; Ronan Sauleau; Marc Aubry; Denis Michel; Yves Le Dréan", "year": "2012", "title": "Whole-genome expression analysis in primary human keratinocyte cell cultures exposed to 60 GHz radiation", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "Catherine Le Quément; Christophe Nicolas Nicolaz; Maxim Zhadobov; Fabienne Desmots; Ronan Sauleau; Marc Aubry; Denis Michel; Yves Le Dréan. Whole-genome expression analysis in primary human keratinocyte cell cultures exposed to 60 GHz radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012. doi:10.1002/bem.20693.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.20693", "pmid": "21812010", "topic": "Skin-cell signalling; 60 GHz-region biological responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "60.4 GHz; incident density 1.8 mW/cm²; average SAR 42.4 W/kg; 1, 6 or 24 h.", "design": "Primary human keratinocyte cultures; microarrays versus sham, followed by PCR of 24 preselected genes.", "finding": "PCR confirmed CRIP2, PLXND1, PTX3, SERPINF1 and TRPV2 expression differences at 6 h after exploratory preselection.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "No transcript passed stringent Benjamini–Hochberg genome-wide correction. Abstract-only methods check; exploratory follow-up does not establish a robust transcriptome-wide effect, injury or an oxygen mechanism.", "related": " Later related records: WEB-029. These are different experiments, not necessarily independent replication.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20693", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20693 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21812010/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-WIGIG-002", "technology_tracks": "wigig|millimetre", "technology_connection": "60 GHz-region experiment; not a test of a WiGig device or an oxygen-deprivation mechanism.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Exploratory gene-expression findings in skin cells at 60.4 GHz", "why_this_matters": "A useful research record also shows how a finding was selected. Five gene responses were confirmed after exploratory screening, while the genome-wide corrected analysis found no significant change.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-019/"}, {"id": "WEB-020", "author": "Makar et al.", "full_authors": "V R Makar; M K Logani; A Bhanushali; S I Alekseev; M C Ziskin", "year": "2006", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide and 61.22 GHz millimeter waves on T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage functions", "journal": "Bioelectromagnetics", "citation": "V R Makar; M K Logani; A Bhanushali; S I Alekseev; M C Ziskin. Effect of cyclophosphamide and 61.22 GHz millimeter waves on T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage functions. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006. doi:10.1002/bem.20230.", "doi": "10.1002/bem.20230", "pmid": "16622862", "topic": "Immune modulation; 60 GHz-region biological responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "61.22±0.2 GHz nose exposure; peak skin SAR 885±100 W/kg, peak density 31±5 mW/cm²; 30 min/day for 3 days; maximum nose warming about 1°C.", "design": "Mice receiving cyclophosphamide; macrophage, splenocyte and lymphocyte assays after treatment.", "finding": "TNF-α, IFN-γ and T-cell proliferation increased; IL-10 and B-cell proliferation did not change.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; recovery/immune-modulation model, not demonstrated harm. Drug co-exposure and high superficial dose prevent direct extrapolation to WiGig or healthy people.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20230", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20230 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16622862/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-WIGIG-003", "technology_tracks": "wigig|millimetre", "technology_connection": "60 GHz-region experiment; not a test of a WiGig device or an oxygen-deprivation mechanism.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Immune modulation during 61.22 GHz exposure in treated mice", "why_this_matters": "Biological responses can depend on the condition of the organism. This study examined how exposure changed selected immune functions during recovery from a drug-induced suppression.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-020/"}, {"id": "WEB-021", "author": "Kojima et al.", "full_authors": "Masami Kojima; Hiroshi Sasaki; Kazuyuki Sasaki; Taiji Sakai; Kanako Wake; Soichi Watanabe; Yoshitsugu Kamimura; Akimasa Hirata; Yukihisa Suzuki; Masao Taki", "year": "2011", "title": "Investigation of acute ocular injury threshold by 76 GHz band exposure in rabbits", "journal": "2011 XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium", "citation": "Masami Kojima; Hiroshi Sasaki; Kazuyuki Sasaki; Taiji Sakai; Kanako Wake; Soichi Watanabe; Yoshitsugu Kamimura; Akimasa Hirata; Yukihisa Suzuki; Masao Taki. Investigation of acute ocular injury threshold by 76 GHz band exposure in rabbits. 2011 XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. 2011. doi:10.1109/ursigass.2011.6051344.", "doi": "10.1109/ursigass.2011.6051344", "pmid": "", "topic": "Ocular effects and corneal injury; Automotive-radar frequency research", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "76 GHz local eye exposure; 10, 50, 75, 100 or 200 mW/cm² for 6 min; focused lens antenna; anaesthetised, held-open rabbit eyes.", "design": "Conference proceedings paper; 52 pigmented rabbits across experimental procedures; slit-lamp and ocular-temperature measurements.", "finding": "200 mW/cm² produced opacity, epithelial injury, miosis and inflammation; 75/100 mW/cm² produced reversible epithelial injury.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "No detectable ocular changes at 10/50 mW/cm². Acute high-power hazard experiment, not automotive FMCW exposure. Conference publication type is distinct from a journal article.", "related": "Related ocular programme with WEB-022, WEB-012 and WEB-017.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Conference proceedings and original paper checked 21 October 2026; not a journal article. No linked notice found in retrieved bibliographic metadata; screening is limited.", "funding": "Committee to Promote Research on the Potential Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/ursigass.2011.6051344", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1109/ursigass.2011.6051344 | https://www.ursi.org/proceedings/procGA11/ursi/K06-9.pdf", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-AUTO-001", "technology_tracks": "radar|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Frequency-related ocular research; not an automotive FMCW radar exposure.", "publication_type": "Conference proceedings paper", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Ocular injury thresholds in a 76 GHz rabbit experiment", "why_this_matters": "Frequency-matched experiments are useful starting points for radar questions. This conference paper identifies eye effects at high power in the automotive-radar frequency region.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-021/"}, {"id": "WEB-022", "author": "Kojima et al.", "full_authors": "Masami Kojima; Yukihisa Suzuki; Kensuke Sasaki; Masao Taki; Kanako Wake; Soichi Watanabe; Maya Mizuno; Takafumi Tasaki; Hiroshi Sasaki", "year": "2018", "title": "Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves", "journal": "Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves", "citation": "Masami Kojima; Yukihisa Suzuki; Kensuke Sasaki; Masao Taki; Kanako Wake; Soichi Watanabe; Maya Mizuno; Takafumi Tasaki; Hiroshi Sasaki. Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves. 2018. doi:10.1007/s10762-018-0497-z.", "doi": "10.1007/s10762-018-0497-z", "pmid": "", "topic": "Ocular effects and corneal injury; Automotive-radar frequency research", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "40, 75 or 95 GHz continuous waves; focused local rabbit-eye exposures, 6 min; high-power thermal threshold regime.", "design": "Pigmented rabbit eyes; dose-response and clinical follow-up of epithelial/stromal injury.", "finding": "Reversible corneal injury occurred; corrected 50% injury-threshold estimates were 206.0, 142.8 and 145.6 mW/cm² at 40, 75 and 95 GHz respectively.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "2019 correction replaces Table 4; corrected values used here. 75 GHz is near the automotive band, not a test of automotive radar signals. Ocular conditions largely normalised within days.", "related": "Same Japanese ocular programme as WEB-021; publications are not independent research teams.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Correction published 26 November 2019 (10.1007/s10762-019-00641-w) replaces Table 4. Corrected DD50 values are used in this record; correction PDF checked 21 October 2026.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-018-0497-z", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-018-0497-z | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-019-00641-w", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-AUTO-002", "technology_tracks": "radar|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Frequency-related ocular research; not an automotive FMCW radar exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Frequency-dependent corneal injury at 40, 75 and 95 GHz", "why_this_matters": "Frequency-specific injury measurements help define what an experiment actually establishes. This work follows the course of corneal damage and recovery at three millimetre-wave frequencies.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-022/"}, {"id": "WEB-023", "author": "Kumar et al.", "full_authors": "Sanjay Kumar; Kavindra Kumar Kesari; Jitendra Behari", "year": "2011", "title": "Influence of microwave exposure on fertility of male rats", "journal": "Fertility and sterility", "citation": "Sanjay Kumar; Kavindra Kumar Kesari; Jitendra Behari. Influence of microwave exposure on fertility of male rats. Fertility and sterility. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.078.", "doi": "10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.078", "pmid": "20723534", "topic": "Reproductive cell injury in animals; Satellite-adjacent microwave research", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "10 GHz; reported SAR 0.014 W/kg and density 0.21 mW/cm²; 2 h/day for 45 days.", "design": "70-day-old male rats; sham/exposed comparison; reactive oxygen, apoptosis and cell-cycle assays.", "finding": "ROS, histone-kinase activity, apoptotic-cell measures and G2/M cell-cycle proportion differed from sham.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; full dosimetry and sample size not audited. 10 GHz is below the 10.7 GHz user-downlink edge discussed in the dossier; near-band laboratory evidence, not a Starlink study.", "related": "JNU cluster with WEB-024 and WEB-025; cohort independence unresolved.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.078", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.078 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20723534/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-SAT-001", "technology_tracks": "satellite", "technology_connection": "Microwave laboratory research at an adjacent or overlapping frequency; not a Starlink or satellite-system exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "reproduction|cells", "heading": "Reproductive-cell responses after repeated 10 GHz rat exposure", "why_this_matters": "Repeated microwave exposure has been examined through reproductive-cell endpoints. This study is useful to retrieve with its laboratory conditions and research lineage clearly identified.", "categories": ["reproduction", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-023/"}, {"id": "WEB-024", "author": "Kumar et al.", "full_authors": "Sanjay Kumar; Kavindra Kumar Kesari; Jitendra Behari", "year": "2010", "title": "Evaluation of genotoxic effects in male Wistar rats following microwave exposure", "journal": "Indian journal of experimental biology", "citation": "Sanjay Kumar; Kavindra Kumar Kesari; Jitendra Behari. Evaluation of genotoxic effects in male Wistar rats following microwave exposure. Indian journal of experimental biology. 2010. PMID:20882761.", "doi": "", "pmid": "20882761", "topic": "DNA and cell responses; Satellite-adjacent microwave research", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "10 GHz: 0.214 mW/cm², SAR 0.014 W/kg; 50 GHz: 0.86 μW/cm², SAR 0.0008 W/kg; 2 h/day for 45 days.", "design": "70-day-old male Wistar rats; blood/serum micronucleus, ROS and antioxidant-enzyme measurements.", "finding": "Micronuclei and ROS increased, with changes in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; low stated SARs need full dosimetry review. Biomarkers do not demonstrate tumours. Neither exposure is a system-specific satellite experiment.", "related": "JNU cluster with WEB-023 and WEB-025; independence not established.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20882761/", "retrieval_links": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20882761/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-SAT-002", "technology_tracks": "satellite|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Microwave laboratory research at an adjacent or overlapping frequency; not a Starlink or satellite-system exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Micronuclei and oxidative responses in rats exposed at 10 or 50 GHz", "why_this_matters": "Genetic-damage markers and antioxidant responses can help identify effects worth investigating. This older study supplies specific microwave conditions and should be read alongside its related publications.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-024/"}, {"id": "WEB-025", "author": "Kumar et al.", "full_authors": "Sanjay Kumar; J Behari; Rashmi Sisodia", "year": "2013", "title": "Influence of electromagnetic fields on reproductive system of male rats", "journal": "International journal of radiation biology", "citation": "Sanjay Kumar; J Behari; Rashmi Sisodia. Influence of electromagnetic fields on reproductive system of male rats. International journal of radiation biology. 2013. doi:10.3109/09553002.2013.741282.", "doi": "10.3109/09553002.2013.741282", "pmid": "23078358", "topic": "Reproductive DNA integrity; Satellite-adjacent microwave research", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "10 GHz; density 0.21 mW/cm²; SAR 0.014 W/kg; 2 h/day for 45 days.", "design": "70-day-old male Wistar rats; sham comparison; microscopy, micronucleus/comet assays and testosterone.", "finding": "Seminiferous-tubule changes, apoptotic bodies, micronuclei and DNA strand-break findings accompanied reduced testosterone/testicular size.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; full methods and cohort provenance unresolved. Online 2012, issue 2013. Laboratory 10 GHz exposure is not direct evidence about satellite-network operation.", "related": "JNU cluster with WEB-023 and WEB-024; similar protocols may involve overlapping experimental material.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic metadata checked; full methods and dosimetry not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract; methods verification incomplete", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2013.741282", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2013.741282 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23078358/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-SAT-003", "technology_tracks": "satellite", "technology_connection": "Microwave laboratory research at an adjacent or overlapping frequency; not a Starlink or satellite-system exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "reproduction|cells", "heading": "Testicular and DNA-damage findings in a related 10 GHz rat study", "why_this_matters": "Tissue structure, hormones and DNA assays offer different views of reproductive effects. This record keeps those observations together and makes its connection to earlier work visible.", "categories": ["reproduction", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-025/"}, {"id": "WEB-026", "author": "Nguyen et al.", "full_authors": "The Hong Phong Nguyen; Vy T H Pham; Song Ha Nguyen; Vladimir Baulin; Rodney J Croft; Brian Phillips; Russell J Crawford; Elena P Ivanova", "year": "2016", "title": "The Bioeffects Resulting from Prokaryotic Cells and Yeast Being Exposed to an 18 GHz Electromagnetic Field", "journal": "PloS one", "citation": "The Hong Phong Nguyen; Vy T H Pham; Song Ha Nguyen; Vladimir Baulin; Rodney J Croft; Brian Phillips; Russell J Crawford; Elena P Ivanova. The Bioeffects Resulting from Prokaryotic Cells and Yeast Being Exposed to an 18 GHz Electromagnetic Field. PloS one. 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158135.", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0158135", "pmid": "27391488", "topic": "Membrane permeability; 18 GHz cellular experiments", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "18 GHz; repeated short exposures, approximately 3–5 kW/kg SAR per dose; temperature profiles around 33–40°C; matched bulk-heating comparisons.", "design": "Bacteria and yeast; fluorescent markers/nanospheres, microscopy, viability and growth assays.", "finding": "Exposure increased membrane permeability and nanosphere uptake; most cells remained viable. Matched conventional heating did not reproduce the permeability finding.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "High-intensity mechanistic experiment, not satellite-received exposure. Local thermal contributions remain a consideration. Correct lead author is Nguyen, not Shamis.", "related": "Swinburne membrane research programme with WEB-027; different biological material. Later related records: WEB-034, WEB-035. These are different experiments, not necessarily independent replication.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research Marie Curie Actions EU FP7 Initial Training Network SNAL 608184 This work was partly supported by the Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research (ACEBR, http://acebr.uow.edu.au/index.html T.H.P.N., Ro.J.C., E.P.I.), a National Health & Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence (NHMRC). VB and EI acknowledge funding from Marie Curie Actions under EU FP7 Initial Training Network SNAL 608184 ( http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/110943_en.html T.H.P.N., V.B. E.P.I.). This work was also supported by the National Health & Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence. The authors have no financial or personal relationship with other people or organisations that could inappropriately influence this work. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.", "conflicts": "Disclosure statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158135", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158135 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27391488/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4938218/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-SAT-004", "technology_tracks": "satellite", "technology_connection": "Microwave laboratory research at an adjacent or overlapping frequency; not a Starlink or satellite-system exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Microbial membrane permeability after high-intensity 18 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "Membrane experiments can reveal physical interactions with cells. This work reports uptake of material that normally does not cross the membrane, under unusually intense laboratory exposure.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-026/"}, {"id": "WEB-027", "author": "Nguyen et al.", "full_authors": "The Hong Phong Nguyen; Vy T H Pham; Vladimir Baulin; Rodney J Croft; Russell J Crawford; Elena P Ivanova", "year": "2017", "title": "The effect of a high frequency electromagnetic field in the microwave range on red blood cells", "journal": "Scientific reports", "citation": "The Hong Phong Nguyen; Vy T H Pham; Vladimir Baulin; Rodney J Croft; Russell J Crawford; Elena P Ivanova. The effect of a high frequency electromagnetic field in the microwave range on red blood cells. Scientific reports. 2017. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11288-9.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-017-11288-9", "pmid": "28883444", "topic": "Membrane permeability; 18 GHz cellular experiments", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "18 GHz; three consecutive exposures at approximately 3 kW/kg SAR each; protocols reaching 33 or 37°C.", "design": "Isolated rabbit red blood cells; microscopy confirmation of silica-nanosphere uptake; untreated and Peltier-heated controls.", "finding": "23.5 nm nanospheres entered about 96% of counted cells; 46.3 nm uptake was about 46% at 33°C and 58% at 37°C.", "statistics": "See reported finding and original tables; effect sizes not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Viability retained; heating controls did not reproduce uptake, but local thermal effects were not excluded. Very high-intensity laboratory work; not a satellite exposure or demonstrated disease outcome.", "related": "Swinburne programme with WEB-026; separate cell model, not an independent replication. Later related records: WEB-037. These are different experiments, not necessarily independent replication.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions and biological models reproduce this response, and what would establish its relevance to health?", "access": "Original methods/results sections reviewed; no independent raw-data or supplement audit.", "locator": "Original results/methods sections", "notice": "Linked notice fields in retrieved Europe PMC/PubMed records checked 21 October 2026; no correction or retraction surfaced there. Publisher-history and forward-citation screening are not exhaustive.", "funding": "Funding statement not extracted in this source check; see the original publication.", "conflicts": "Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11288-9", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11288-9 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28883444/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5589725/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "EML-SAT-005", "technology_tracks": "satellite", "technology_connection": "Microwave laboratory research at an adjacent or overlapping frequency; not a Starlink or satellite-system exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Nanoparticle uptake by red blood cells after 18 GHz exposure", "why_this_matters": "A change in membrane transport is a biological response worth understanding. This experiment tested that response in red blood cells, with matched heating controls.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-027/"}, {"id": "WEB-028", "author": "Lawler et al.", "full_authors": "Nicholas B Lawler; Cameron W Evans; Sergii Romanenko; Nutan Chaudhari; Mark Fear; Fiona Wood; Nicole M Smith; Vincent P Wallace; K Swaminathan Iyer", "year": "2022", "title": "Millimeter waves alter DNA secondary structures and modulate the transcriptome in human fibroblasts", "journal": "Biomedical optics express", "citation": "Nicholas B Lawler; Cameron W Evans; Sergii Romanenko; Nutan Chaudhari; Mark Fear; Fiona Wood; Nicole M Smith; Vincent P Wallace; K Swaminathan Iyer. Millimeter waves alter DNA secondary structures and modulate the transcriptome in human fibroblasts. Biomedical optics express. 2022. doi:10.1364/boe.458478.", "doi": "10.1364/boe.458478", "pmid": "35774325", "topic": "60 GHz-region biological responses; DNA secondary structures; Fibroblast matrix responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "60 GHz; spatial-average 2.6 mW/cm²; raster scanning 5 h/day for 2 or 4 days (46.8 J/cm²/day).", "design": "Primary human dermal fibroblasts; sham scanning and TGF-β comparator; RNA sequencing, microscopy and temperature measurements/modelling.", "finding": "255 differentially expressed genes (FDR <0.05), increased collagen deposition and altered G-quadruplex/i-motif DNA structures. No increase in γH2AX DNA-damage signal.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Two biological RNA-sequencing replicates. High cumulative exposure; cells scanned at room temperature. Negligible measured bulk heating does not resolve every local transient temperature change. DNA folding is not DNA breakage.", "related": "Shares researchers with the 60 GHz sensory-neuron programme; different experiments.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Australian Research Council; National Health and Medical Research Council. See original grant details.", "conflicts": "Authors report no competing interests/conflicts; declaration checked, not independently audited.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.458478", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.458478 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774325/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9203081/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-01", "technology_tracks": "wigig|millimetre", "technology_connection": "60 GHz-region or adjacent-band biology; not an experiment with a WiGig device and not evidence of an oxygen-deprivation mechanism.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "60 GHz: gene expression, DNA folding and collagen deposition", "why_this_matters": "Skin cells do more than form a barrier: they maintain and repair the tissue around them. This experiment found changes in that work after repeated 60 GHz exposure. It gives us specific molecular responses to investigate, while leaving open whether they persist or matter at lower exposures.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-028/"}, {"id": "WEB-029", "author": "Le Pogam et al.", "full_authors": "Pierre Le Pogam; Yann Le Page; Denis Habauzit; Mickael Doué; Maxim Zhadobov; Ronan Sauleau; Yves Le Dréan; David Rondeau", "year": "2019", "title": "Untargeted metabolomics unveil alterations of biomembranes permeability in human HaCaT keratinocytes upon 60 GHz millimeter-wave exposure", "journal": "Scientific reports", "citation": "Pierre Le Pogam; Yann Le Page; Denis Habauzit; Mickael Doué; Maxim Zhadobov; Ronan Sauleau; Yves Le Dréan; David Rondeau. Untargeted metabolomics unveil alterations of biomembranes permeability in human HaCaT keratinocytes upon 60 GHz millimeter-wave exposure. Scientific reports. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45662-6.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-019-45662-6", "pmid": "31249327", "topic": "60 GHz-region biological responses; Membrane permeability; Metabolomic responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "60.4 GHz, 20 mW/cm² for 24 h; temperature, pH and humidity controlled.", "design": "HaCaT keratinocytes; intracellular/extracellular metabolomics and lipidomics with exposed and non-exposed samples.", "finding": "Extracellular metabolomic profiles contained 111 and 99 altered features in positive/negative ion modes; intracellular and lipid changes were much smaller.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Membrane permeability was inferred, not directly demonstrated. Control cultures were run one day apart. Subcellular thermal changes could not be excluded; many metabolite identities remained tentative.", "related": "Rennes skin-cell programme, including WEB-019 and the pulsed-heating study.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Reported funder(s): https://doi.org/10.13039/501100007546 Agence Nationale de S&amp;#x00E9;curit&amp;#x00E9; Sanitaire de l&apos;Alimentation, de l&apos;Environnement et du Travail (ANSES). Grant identifiers: BEMAM n&amp;#x00B0; EST-2014/2 RF/012.", "conflicts": "See original disclosure; no independently verified conflict assessment.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45662-6", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45662-6 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31249327/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6597695/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-02", "technology_tracks": "wigig|millimetre", "technology_connection": "60 GHz-region or adjacent-band biology; not an experiment with a WiGig device and not evidence of an oxygen-deprivation mechanism.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "60.4 GHz: changes in substances released by skin cells", "why_this_matters": "What a cell releases can reveal responses that a gene-expression assay misses. These researchers found marked changes outside exposed skin cells and proposed altered membrane permeability as an explanation. That explanation remains a hypothesis, with an important difference in the timing of the controls.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-029/"}, {"id": "WEB-030", "author": "Romanenko et al.", "full_authors": "Sergii Romanenko; Alan R Harvey; Livia Hool; Shuting Fan; Vincent P Wallace", "year": "2019", "title": "Millimeter Wave Radiation Activates Leech Nociceptors via TRPV1-Like Receptor Sensitization", "journal": "Biophysical journal", "citation": "Sergii Romanenko; Alan R Harvey; Livia Hool; Shuting Fan; Vincent P Wallace. Millimeter Wave Radiation Activates Leech Nociceptors via TRPV1-Like Receptor Sensitization. Biophysical journal. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.021.", "doi": "10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.021", "pmid": "31103236", "topic": "60 GHz-region biological responses; Sensory-neuron excitability; Calcium-associated responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "60 GHz continuous wave; approximately 80–170 mW/cm² across the isolated ganglion; acute exposure with substantial heating.", "design": "Leech nociceptors; electrophysiology, direct-heating comparison, calcium manipulation and computational modelling.", "finding": "Action-potential activation threshold was lower during millimetre-wave exposure than direct heating: 3.9±0.4 versus 8.3±0.4 mV. TRPV1-like receptor sensitisation was proposed.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Intense acute exposure in an isolated invertebrate preparation. Heating rates differed and the probe measured surface, not intracellular, temperature. The molecular explanation is partly model-based.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Australian Research Council grant DP140101770 and Future Fellowship FT180100683.", "conflicts": "See original disclosure; no independently verified conflict assessment.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.021", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.021 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31103236/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6592873/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-03", "technology_tracks": "wigig|millimetre", "technology_connection": "60 GHz-region or adjacent-band biology; not an experiment with a WiGig device and not evidence of an oxygen-deprivation mechanism.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "brain|cells", "heading": "60 GHz: sensory neurons respond differently from direct heating", "why_this_matters": "Sensory nerve endings help an organism detect potentially harmful conditions. In isolated leech neurons, intense millimetre waves changed the threshold for nerve firing differently from direct heating. The experiment offers a mechanism to examine; it does not establish the cause of symptoms in people.", "categories": ["brain", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-030/"}, {"id": "WEB-031", "author": "Orlacchio et al.", "full_authors": "Rosa Orlacchio; Yann Le Page; Yves Le Dréan; Rémy Le Guével; Ronan Sauleau; Stanislav Alekseev; Maxim Zhadobov", "year": "2019", "title": "Millimeter-wave pulsed heating in vitro: cell mortality and heat shock response", "journal": "Scientific reports", "citation": "Rosa Orlacchio; Yann Le Page; Yves Le Dréan; Rémy Le Guével; Ronan Sauleau; Stanislav Alekseev; Maxim Zhadobov. Millimeter-wave pulsed heating in vitro: cell mortality and heat shock response. Scientific reports. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51731-7.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-019-51731-7", "pmid": "31649300", "topic": "Pulse timing and thermal responses; Millimetre-wave cellular responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "58.4 GHz; 90 min; pulses 1.5 s long every 20 s. Average steady-state temperature about 42.3°C; peaks about 49°C.", "design": "A375 melanoma cells; continuous versus amplitude-modulated pulsed heating; temperature mapping and fluorescence assays.", "finding": "Pulsed exposure produced almost fivefold greater caspase-3 activation and 58% greater HSP27 phosphorylation than continuous exposure.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Deliberate hyperthermia experiment, with three culture plates per condition. This demonstrates thermal pulse effects; it is not a test of low-intensity wireless exposure or evidence of non-thermal injury.", "related": "Rennes exposure programme; distinct protocol from the 60.4 GHz metabolomic study.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Reported funder(s): https://doi.org/10.13039/501100007546 Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l&apos;Alimentation, de l&apos;Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004794 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research), The EU through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by the Brittany Region, Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Rennes Métropole and Conseil Départemental, through the CPER Project SOPHIE / STIC & Ondes.. Grant identifiers: 5 G and MEMO projects, INSIS grant “Bioelectromagnetics: from engineering to biomedical applications.", "conflicts": "See original disclosure; no independently verified conflict assessment.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51731-7", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51731-7 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31649300/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6813304/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-04", "technology_tracks": "wigig|millimetre", "technology_connection": "60 GHz-region or adjacent-band biology; not an experiment with a WiGig device and not evidence of an oxygen-deprivation mechanism.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "58.4 GHz: pulse timing changes the cellular heat response", "why_this_matters": "An average temperature can conceal brief peaks. In this cancer-cell experiment, pulsed heating produced a stronger response than continuous heating with the same average temperature rise. It illustrates why exposure timing belongs beside intensity when interpreting an experiment.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-031/"}, {"id": "WEB-032", "author": "Kojima et al.", "full_authors": "Masami Kojima; Takafumi Tasaki; Toshio Kamijo; Aki Hada; Yukihisa Suzuki; Masateru Ikehata; Hiroshi Sasaki", "year": "2024", "title": "Effects of High Temperature and High Humidity on the Degree of Ocular Damage Caused by 60 GHz Millimeter Wave Exposure", "journal": "Health physics", "citation": "Masami Kojima; Takafumi Tasaki; Toshio Kamijo; Aki Hada; Yukihisa Suzuki; Masateru Ikehata; Hiroshi Sasaki. Effects of High Temperature and High Humidity on the Degree of Ocular Damage Caused by 60 GHz Millimeter Wave Exposure. Health physics. 2024. doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000001843.", "doi": "10.1097/hp.0000000000001843", "pmid": "39222016", "topic": "Ocular effects and corneal injury; 60 GHz-region biological responses; Environmental modification of injury thresholds", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "60 GHz; 200 or 300 mW/cm² for 6 min; ambient 24°C/50% RH, 45°C/20% RH or 45°C/80% RH.", "design": "Rabbit exposed-right/unexposed-left eye comparison; corneal staining, opacity, thickness and temperature endpoints.", "finding": "Ocular injury was associated with incident intensity. Hotter, more humid conditions tended to worsen damage, but that additional environmental effect was not statistically significant.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; sample size and full methods not audited. High-intensity thermal-injury conditions. Do not present the humidity trend as an established independent effect.", "related": "Japanese ocular research programme with WEB-012, WEB-022 and the 2026 tissue-model report. Related publication records: WEB-033.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic identity reviewed; full methods, dosimetry and statistics not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001843", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001843 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39222016/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-05", "technology_tracks": "wigig|millimetre", "technology_connection": "60 GHz-region or adjacent-band biology; not an experiment with a WiGig device and not evidence of an oxygen-deprivation mechanism.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "60 GHz: eye injury under different temperature and humidity conditions", "why_this_matters": "An eye’s response to strong exposure may depend on its surroundings as well as the field itself. This study examined those conditions directly. The injury findings belong in the record, alongside the uncertainty in the additional effect attributed to heat and humidity.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-032/"}, {"id": "WEB-033", "author": "Ikehata et al.", "full_authors": "Masateru Ikehata; Sachiko Yoshie; Yukihisa Suzuki; Hiroshi Sasaki", "year": "2026", "title": "Evaluation of Cytotoxicity Threshold Induced by Thermal Effects of Millimeter-wave Electromagnetic Fields", "journal": "Quarterly Report of RTRI", "citation": "Masateru Ikehata; Sachiko Yoshie; Yukihisa Suzuki; Hiroshi Sasaki. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity Threshold Induced by Thermal Effects of Millimeter-wave Electromagnetic Fields. Quarterly Report of RTRI. 2026. doi:10.2219/rtriqr.67.2_81.", "doi": "10.2219/rtriqr.67.2_81", "pmid": "", "topic": "Millimetre-wave thermal thresholds; Environmental modification of injury thresholds; 60 GHz-region biological responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "60 GHz for 6 min; reconstructed tissue models at 33°C/50% RH or 42.5°C/80% RH.", "design": "Human-cell three-dimensional skin/corneal models; focused exposure, temperature monitoring and image-based MTT viability assessment.", "finding": "Skin-model damage threshold: 180–250 mW/cm² in standard conditions, 130–150 mW/cm² in hot/humid conditions. Local injury could be obscured by whole-sample absorbance.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Institutional original technical report. Deliberate thermal-injury experiment; damage appeared near surface temperatures above 50°C. Thresholds do not describe ordinary communications exposure.", "related": "Companion Japanese programme to the 2024 rabbit-eye study; different biological model. Related publication records: WEB-032.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Commissioned by Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.", "conflicts": "See original disclosure; no independently verified conflict assessment.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.67.2_81", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.67.2_81 | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/rtriqr/67/2/67_rtriqr.67.2_81/_html/-char/en", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-06", "technology_tracks": "wigig|millimetre", "technology_connection": "60 GHz-region or adjacent-band biology; not an experiment with a WiGig device and not evidence of an oxygen-deprivation mechanism.", "publication_type": "Original institutional technical report", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "60 GHz: skin-model injury thresholds and the limits of averaging", "why_this_matters": "A small damaged area can disappear inside an average taken across a whole sample. This report found that inspecting the exposed tissue revealed local injury that a bulk viability reading could miss. It also investigated how hot, humid surroundings changed the injury threshold.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-033/"}, {"id": "WEB-034", "author": "Tharushi Perera et al.", "full_authors": "Palalle G Tharushi Perera; Denver P Linklater; Erim Kosyer; Rodney Croft; Elena P Ivanova", "year": "2022", "title": "Localization of nanospheres in pheochromocytoma-like cells following exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields at 18 GHz", "journal": "Royal Society open science", "citation": "Palalle G Tharushi Perera; Denver P Linklater; Erim Kosyer; Rodney Croft; Elena P Ivanova. Localization of nanospheres in pheochromocytoma-like cells following exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields at 18 GHz. Royal Society open science. 2022. doi:10.1098/rsos.220520.", "doi": "10.1098/rsos.220520", "pmid": "35774138", "topic": "18 GHz cellular experiments; Membrane permeability; Intracellular particle uptake", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "18 GHz; three 30 s exposures separated by 2 min cooling; reported SAR 1.17 kW/kg; sample temperature below 37°C.", "design": "PC12 neuron-like cells; fluorescence/electron microscopy and elemental analysis; non-exposed controls.", "finding": "Gold/silica nanospheres were found inside exposed cells, including cytoplasm and vesicles; controls showed no internalisation. Proliferation, morphology and differentiation were not significantly impaired.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "High absorbed power and specialised particle-delivery conditions. This is a membrane-interaction finding, not demonstrated neuronal injury or a satellite-system experiment.", "related": "RMIT/Swinburne membrane programme, with WEB-026, WEB-027, the GUV study and 2024 bacterial transformation work. Related publication records: WEB-036, WEB-035, WEB-037.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Reported funder(s): NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research. Grant identifiers: CRE1042464, CRE1135076.", "conflicts": "Authors report no competing interests/conflicts; declaration checked, not independently audited.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220520", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220520 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774138/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9240668/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-07", "technology_tracks": "satellite", "technology_connection": "18 GHz overlaps frequencies used for some satellite links. This is a laboratory membrane experiment, with different intensity, geometry and waveform from satellite exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "18 GHz: tracking particles that enter neuron-like cells", "why_this_matters": "The cell membrane controls what enters a cell. Here, microscopy followed particles that crossed it after 18 GHz exposure. The finding helps explain a continuing line of membrane research, although the surviving cells showed no significant impairment in the functions measured.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-034/"}, {"id": "WEB-035", "author": "Perera et al.", "full_authors": "Palalle G Tharushi Perera; Denver P Linklater; Zoltan Vilagosh; The Hong Phong Nguyen; Eric Hanssen; Sergey Rubanov; Steve Wanjara; Bari Aadum; Rebecca Alfred; Chaitali Dekiwadia; Saulius Juodkazis; Rodney Croft; Elena P Ivanova", "year": "2024", "title": "Genetic Transformation of Plasmid DNA into Escherichia coli Using High Frequency Electromagnetic Energy", "journal": "Nano letters", "citation": "Palalle G Tharushi Perera; Denver P Linklater; Zoltan Vilagosh; The Hong Phong Nguyen; Eric Hanssen; Sergey Rubanov; Steve Wanjara; Bari Aadum; Rebecca Alfred; Chaitali Dekiwadia; Saulius Juodkazis; Rodney Croft; Elena P Ivanova. Genetic Transformation of Plasmid DNA into Escherichia coli Using High Frequency Electromagnetic Energy. Nano letters. 2024. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03464.", "doi": "10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03464", "pmid": "38194429", "topic": "18 GHz cellular experiments; Membrane permeability; Genetic-material uptake", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "18 GHz; 5.6–30 kW/m² for 180 s; temperatures 30–40°C.", "design": "E. coli JM109 supplied with pGLO plasmid; fluorescence, flow cytometry and cryogenic electron microscopy.", "finding": "Approximately 90.7% of treated viable bacteria expressed the plasmid-associated fluorescence, supporting successful genetic transformation.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; full methods and thermal comparisons not audited. Externally supplied plasmid uptake is not mutation, DNA damage or demonstrated harm. Laboratory intensities cannot be equated with satellite reception.", "related": "RMIT/Swinburne membrane programme; distinct experiment from the PC12 localisation study. Related publication records: WEB-034, WEB-036.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic identity reviewed; full methods, dosimetry and statistics not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03464", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03464 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38194429/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-08", "technology_tracks": "satellite", "technology_connection": "18 GHz overlaps frequencies used for some satellite links. This is a laboratory membrane experiment, with different intensity, geometry and waveform from satellite exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "18 GHz: bacterial uptake of externally supplied DNA", "why_this_matters": "This research did not stop with observing a membrane change: it tested whether supplied genetic material could enter bacteria and function there. It is a concrete biological interaction worth understanding, conducted at intensities far above ambient communications exposure.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-035/"}, {"id": "WEB-036", "author": "Tharushi Perera et al.", "full_authors": "Palalle G Tharushi Perera; Nevena Todorova; Zoltan Vilagosh; Olha Bazaka; The Hong Phong Nguyen; Kateryna Bazaka; Russell J Crawford; Rodney J Croft; Irene Yarovsky; Elena P Ivanova", "year": "2021", "title": "Translocation of silica nanospheres through giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) induced by a high frequency electromagnetic field", "journal": "RSC advances", "citation": "Palalle G Tharushi Perera; Nevena Todorova; Zoltan Vilagosh; Olha Bazaka; The Hong Phong Nguyen; Kateryna Bazaka; Russell J Crawford; Rodney J Croft; Irene Yarovsky; Elena P Ivanova. Translocation of silica nanospheres through giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) induced by a high frequency electromagnetic field. RSC advances. 2021. doi:10.1039/d1ra05459g.", "doi": "10.1039/d1ra05459g", "pmid": "35496859", "topic": "18 GHz cellular experiments; Membrane permeability; Lipid-membrane models", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "18 GHz; three 60 s cycles with 2 min cooling; apparatus output 17 W; suspension maintained below 40°C.", "design": "Giant unilamellar lipid vesicles, silica nanospheres and molecular-dynamics simulations.", "finding": "Exposed vesicles internalised approximately 23.5 nm nanospheres and clusters. Simulations suggested field-associated changes in interfacial water behaviour.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Acellular membrane model, not living tissue. Generator output is not absorbed dose. Simulated field strengths and timescales must not be treated as equivalent to the experiment or environmental exposure.", "related": "Same membrane-research programme as WEB-026, WEB-027 and the PC12 localisation paper. Related publication records: WEB-034, WEB-035.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.", "conflicts": "Authors report no competing interests/conflicts; declaration checked, not independently audited.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05459g", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05459g | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35496859/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9041541/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-09", "technology_tracks": "satellite", "technology_connection": "18 GHz overlaps frequencies used for some satellite links. This is a laboratory membrane experiment, with different intensity, geometry and waveform from satellite exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Membrane model / simulation", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "18 GHz: membrane permeability in a simplified lipid model", "why_this_matters": "A simplified membrane can help researchers ask whether a response requires the machinery of a living cell. These lipid vesicles admitted particles after exposure. Their simplicity is useful for mechanism research, but also limits what they can tell us about health.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-036/"}, {"id": "WEB-037", "author": "Milden-Appel et al.", "full_authors": "Manuela Milden-Appel; Markus Paravicini; Jannick P Milden; Martin Schüßler; Rolf Jakoby; M Cristina Cardoso", "year": "2024", "title": "Uptake of substances into living mammalian cells by microwave induced perturbation of the plasma membrane", "journal": "Scientific reports", "citation": "Manuela Milden-Appel; Markus Paravicini; Jannick P Milden; Martin Schüßler; Rolf Jakoby; M Cristina Cardoso. Uptake of substances into living mammalian cells by microwave induced perturbation of the plasma membrane. Scientific reports. 2024. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71401-7.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-71401-7", "pmid": "39242794", "topic": "18 GHz cellular experiments; Membrane permeability; Intracellular particle uptake", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "5.8, 10 and 18 GHz; typically 10 min, with 10–15 min delivery protocols; local fields approximately 30–150 V/cm in the survival comparison.", "design": "HeLa and mouse C2C12 cells; coplanar-waveguide poration device, microscopy, survival and genotoxicity assays.", "finding": "Substance uptake depended on frequency and field strength and was most efficient at 18 GHz. Dyes, peptides and antibody constructs entered cells.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "High local fields in a purpose-built transfection device. High survival under selected conditions and lack of a corresponding genotoxic signal must be retained; uptake alone is not injury.", "related": "Separate Darmstadt group, citing the RMIT/Swinburne studies; not a replication of satellite exposure. Related publication records: WEB-034, WEB-035.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.", "conflicts": "Authors report no competing interests/conflicts; declaration checked, not independently audited.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71401-7", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71401-7 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39242794/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11379910/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-10", "technology_tracks": "satellite", "technology_connection": "18 GHz overlaps frequencies used for some satellite links. This is a laboratory membrane experiment, with different intensity, geometry and waveform from satellite exposure.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "18 GHz: membrane uptake in human and mouse cells", "why_this_matters": "This separate research group also found that microwaves could help substances cross cell membranes. It tested several frequencies and traced uptake directly in living cells. The work strengthens the case for studying the interaction itself, while its specialised high-field conditions remain essential to interpretation.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-037/"}, {"id": "WEB-038", "author": "Palone et al.", "full_authors": "Francesca Palone; Emiliano Fratini; Flavia Novelli; Simona Leonardi; Ilaria De Stefano; Emanuela Pasquali; Mirella Tanori; Rosanna Pinto; Lucia Ardoino; Alessandro Zambotti; Francesca Camera; Marta Piscitelli; Caterina Merla; Simonetta Pazzaglia; Myles Capstick; Theodoros Samaras; Mariateresa Mancuso", "year": "2026", "title": "Early-life exposure to 27.5 GHz 5G millimeter-wave radiation induces skin-related biological responses in mice", "journal": "Scientific reports", "citation": "Francesca Palone; Emiliano Fratini; Flavia Novelli; Simona Leonardi; Ilaria De Stefano; Emanuela Pasquali; Mirella Tanori; Rosanna Pinto; Lucia Ardoino; Alessandro Zambotti; Francesca Camera; Marta Piscitelli; Caterina Merla; Simonetta Pazzaglia; Myles Capstick; Theodoros Samaras; Mariateresa Mancuso. Early-life exposure to 27.5 GHz 5G millimeter-wave radiation induces skin-related biological responses in mice. Scientific reports. 2026. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-57133-w.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-57133-w", "pmid": "42260123", "topic": "Skin immune signalling; Mast-cell responses; Developmental susceptibility; Millimetre-wave cellular responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "27.5 GHz, 5G-generated signal; 6.67 or 20 W/m² during ON periods; 10 min ON/5 min OFF, 23 h/day from birth to day 21.", "design": "Ptch1-heterozygous and wild-type CD1 mice; sham chamber, skin histology, transcriptional assays, glutamate and mast-cell assessment.", "finding": "Inflammation-related transcripts and mast-cell degranulation increased; some sensory transcripts and wild-type cutaneous glutamate decreased. No overt histological abnormality or growth impairment.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Single developmental time point; multiple exploratory endpoints and litter/chamber clustering warrant care. No demonstrated skin disease, persistent effect or satellite exposure.", "related": "SEAWave/ENEA programme; companion adult reproduction paper uses a different exposure cohort. Related publication records: WEB-039.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "European Union Horizon Europe, SEAWave grant 101057622.", "conflicts": "Authors report no competing interests/conflicts; declaration checked, not independently audited.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-57133-w", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-57133-w | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42260123/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13490480/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-11", "technology_tracks": "5g|satellite|millimetre", "technology_connection": "27.5 GHz is relevant to 5G high-band research and overlaps a satellite uplink band. These are laboratory animal exposures, not a satellite-system experiment.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "27.5 GHz: early-life skin signalling and mast-cell responses", "why_this_matters": "A tissue can respond without showing visible damage. In young mice, prolonged exposure changed several signals involved in skin immunity and sensory regulation. Those findings deserve follow-up, especially across developmental stages, without turning the measured changes into a diagnosis of inflammatory disease.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-038/"}, {"id": "WEB-039", "author": "Palone et al.", "full_authors": "Francesca Palone; Flavia Novelli; Emanuela Pasquali; Simona Leonardi; Ilaria De Stefano; Emiliano Fratini; Mirella Tanori; Marta Piscitelli; Caterina Merla; Rosanna Pinto; Lucia Ardoino; Alessandro Zambotti; Francesca Camera; Simonetta Pazzaglia; Myles Capstick; Theodoros Samaras; Mariateresa Mancuso", "year": "2026", "title": "Strain-dependent effects of long-term exposure to 27.5 GHz 5 G millimeter waves on male reproductive outcomes in mice", "journal": "Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)", "citation": "Francesca Palone; Flavia Novelli; Emanuela Pasquali; Simona Leonardi; Ilaria De Stefano; Emiliano Fratini; Mirella Tanori; Marta Piscitelli; Caterina Merla; Rosanna Pinto; Lucia Ardoino; Alessandro Zambotti; Francesca Camera; Simonetta Pazzaglia; Myles Capstick; Theodoros Samaras; Mariateresa Mancuso. Strain-dependent effects of long-term exposure to 27.5 GHz 5 G millimeter waves on male reproductive outcomes in mice. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2026. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109370.", "doi": "10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109370", "pmid": "42810696", "topic": "Millimetre-wave reproduction; Reproductive endocrine responses; Genetic susceptibility", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "27.5 GHz for 100 days from age 8 weeks; 6.67 or 20 W/m². Reported mean whole-body SAR 0.26 or 0.77 W/kg.", "design": "Three mouse strains, Car-S, CD1 and C57BL/6J; sham controls, sperm analysis, testicular histology and serum testosterone.", "finding": "Car-S mice showed reduced sperm concentration/motility and testicular/hormonal changes; C57BL/6J showed intermediate effects. CD1 sperm endpoints were largely preserved.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only. Some animals had prior carcinogen treatment; subgroup design, statistics and dose distribution need full-text audit. Authors report non-thermal conditions; human and satellite relevance remains unestablished.", "related": "SEAWave/ENEA programme; related early-life skin study is not an independent replication of these endpoints. Related publication records: WEB-038.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic identity reviewed; full methods, dosimetry and statistics not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109370", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109370 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42810696/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-12", "technology_tracks": "5g|satellite|millimetre", "technology_connection": "27.5 GHz is relevant to 5G high-band research and overlaps a satellite uplink band. These are laboratory animal exposures, not a satellite-system experiment.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "reproduction", "heading": "27.5 GHz: reproductive responses differ between mouse strains", "why_this_matters": "An effect averaged across a population can miss differences in susceptibility. This recent experiment found that mouse strains responded differently to prolonged exposure, with sperm and testicular changes concentrated in particular groups. The differences are a reason to examine the design and results closely.", "categories": ["reproduction"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-039/"}, {"id": "WEB-040", "author": "Kim et al.", "full_authors": "Kyuri Kim; Young Seung Lee; Nam Kim; Hyung-Do Choi; Kyung-Min Lim", "year": "2022", "title": "5G Electromagnetic Radiation Attenuates Skin Melanogenesis In Vitro by Suppressing ROS Generation", "journal": "Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)", "citation": "Kyuri Kim; Young Seung Lee; Nam Kim; Hyung-Do Choi; Kyung-Min Lim. 5G Electromagnetic Radiation Attenuates Skin Melanogenesis In Vitro by Suppressing ROS Generation. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2022. doi:10.3390/antiox11081449.", "doi": "10.3390/antiox11081449", "pmid": "35892650", "topic": "Skin pigmentation responses; Millimetre-wave cellular responses", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "28 GHz at 10 W/m² for 4 h/day; reconstructed pigmented epidermis exposed for 16 days; feedback temperature control.", "design": "B16F10 melanoma cells and MelanoDerm human epidermis model, with and without α-MSH stimulation.", "finding": "Exposure reduced stimulated melanin production, melanogenic-enzyme expression and ROS generation. Cell viability was not reduced.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Pigment regulation is not demonstrated skin injury. Do not infer increased cancer risk or loss of sun protection. No operational 5G NR waveform was verified in this source check.", "related": "Related Korean pigmentation programme; distinct from the ENEA skin experiments.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.", "conflicts": "Authors report no competing interests/conflicts; declaration checked, not independently audited.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081449", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081449 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892650/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9331092/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-13", "technology_tracks": "5g|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "28 GHz: altered pigment production in skin models", "why_this_matters": "Skin pigmentation is a regulated biological process, not simply a cosmetic feature. This experiment found that exposure changed stimulated pigment production in cell and reconstructed-skin models. It adds a measurable response to investigate; whether the change has harmful consequences was not tested.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-040/"}, {"id": "WEB-041", "author": "Yuasa et al.", "full_authors": "Akiko Yuasa; Shintaro Uehara; Kazuki Ushizawa; Sachiko Kodera; Akimasa Hirata; Yohei Otaka", "year": "2026", "title": "Pain threshold induced by local exposure to millimeter waves on human skin", "journal": "Journal of neurophysiology", "citation": "Akiko Yuasa; Shintaro Uehara; Kazuki Ushizawa; Sachiko Kodera; Akimasa Hirata; Yohei Otaka. Pain threshold induced by local exposure to millimeter waves on human skin. Journal of neurophysiology. 2026. doi:10.1152/jn.00554.2025.", "doi": "10.1152/jn.00554.2025", "pmid": "42606958", "topic": "Human millimetre-wave sensation; Thermal pain thresholds", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "28 GHz on the middle fingertip; incident density averaged over 1 cm² of 1.00 W/cm²; up to 10 min, stopped for pain or skin temperature above 44°C.", "design": "Thirty-five healthy adults; warmth, heat, tingling and pain perception during controlled local exposure.", "finding": "Reported pain threshold temperature was 41.9°C. Women showed greater pain sensitivity than men in this sample.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; high-intensity thermal-sensation experiment. This does not show symptoms from everyday wireless exposure or airport screening, and demographic results need replication.", "related": "Same Yuasa/Uehara human-sensation programme as the 2024 warmth-threshold paper; cohort independence not established. Related publication records: WEB-042.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic identity reviewed; full methods, dosimetry and statistics not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00554.2025", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00554.2025 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42606958/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-14", "technology_tracks": "5g|scanners|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms. High-intensity 28 GHz laboratory threshold research; not measurements of health outcomes in screened passengers or airport staff.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "brain", "heading": "28 GHz: measured pain thresholds in human skin", "why_this_matters": "Pain is an outcome people can recognise directly. This experiment measured when intense local millimetre-wave exposure progressed from warmth to pain, and how responses differed between participants. It provides human threshold information under a specific high-exposure protocol.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-041/"}, {"id": "WEB-042", "author": "Yuasa et al.", "full_authors": "Akiko Yuasa; Shintaro Uehara; Kazuki Ushizawa; Sachiko Kodera; Norika Arai; Akimasa Hirata; Yohei Otaka", "year": "2024", "title": "The thermal sensation threshold and its reliability induced by the exposure to 28 GHz millimeter-wave", "journal": "Frontiers in neuroscience", "citation": "Akiko Yuasa; Shintaro Uehara; Kazuki Ushizawa; Sachiko Kodera; Norika Arai; Akimasa Hirata; Yohei Otaka. The thermal sensation threshold and its reliability induced by the exposure to 28 GHz millimeter-wave. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2024. doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1331416.", "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2024.1331416", "pmid": "38476868", "topic": "Human millimetre-wave sensation; Millimetre-wave thermal thresholds", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "28 GHz to the fingertip; incident densities 27–399 mW/cm²; two measurement sessions on the same day.", "design": "Twenty healthy adults; skin thermometry and subjective thermal sensation, with repeatability analysis.", "finding": "Mean detectable temperature changes were about 0.2°C at 27 mW/cm² and 0.9–1.0°C at 126–399 mW/cm². Reliability varied by intensity.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Thermal perception, not a demonstrated injury endpoint. Small healthy-adult sample; repeated-session thresholds do not establish effects of low-level exposure or scanner use.", "related": "Companion human-sensation programme to the 2026 pain-threshold paper. Related publication records: WEB-041.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.", "conflicts": "A disclosure statement is present in the original article; consult it for the declared relationships.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1331416", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1331416 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38476868/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10927852/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-15", "technology_tracks": "5g|scanners|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms. High-intensity 28 GHz laboratory threshold research; not measurements of health outcomes in screened passengers or airport staff.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "People", "browse_categories": "brain", "heading": "28 GHz: warmth perception varies with exposure intensity", "why_this_matters": "Knowing when someone first notices warmth helps interpret stronger exposure experiments. These measurements show that perception thresholds and their repeatability depend on the exposure level. That is useful human physiology, even though the protocol was far more intense than ordinary environmental fields.", "categories": ["brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-042/"}, {"id": "WEB-043", "author": "Komoshvili et al.", "full_authors": "Konstantin Komoshvili; Tzippi Becker; Jacob Levitan; Asher Yahalom; Ayan Barbora; Stella Liberman-Aronov", "year": "2020", "title": "Morphological Changes in H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cells Following W-Band Millimeter-Wave Irradiation", "journal": "Applied Sciences", "citation": "Konstantin Komoshvili; Tzippi Becker; Jacob Levitan; Asher Yahalom; Ayan Barbora; Stella Liberman-Aronov. Morphological Changes in H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cells Following W-Band Millimeter-Wave Irradiation. Applied Sciences. 2020. doi:10.3390/app10093187.", "doi": "10.3390/app10093187", "pmid": "", "topic": "W-band cellular responses; Automotive-radar frequency research; Cell morphology and senescence", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "75–105 GHz sweep; reported incident density 0.2 mW/cm²; 2 or 4 min exposure, followed for 14 days.", "design": "H1299 lung-cancer cells; irradiated, handled-unirradiated and incubator controls; microscopy.", "finding": "Cell/nuclear morphology changed over subsequent days in patterns the authors associated with apoptosis and accelerated senescence.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Cancer-cell experiment; morphology alone is not a complete mechanistic diagnosis. Medium strongly attenuated power reaching cells. No automotive FMCW signal or normal-tissue hazard was established.", "related": "Companion Komoshvili 2020 mortality paper; shared group/cell system, not two independent replications. Related publication records: WEB-044.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Ariel University internal cancer-research grant; Eva and Henry Fraenkel Foundation, Denmark.", "conflicts": "Authors report no competing interests/conflicts; declaration checked, not independently audited.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093187", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093187 | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/9/3187", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-16", "technology_tracks": "radar|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Broad 75–105 GHz cellular sweep overlapping automotive-radar frequencies; not a deployed automotive FMCW waveform or exposure scenario.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "75–105 GHz: persistent shape changes in lung-cancer cells", "why_this_matters": "A short exposure was followed by observations over two weeks, rather than a single immediate measurement. The researchers reported lasting changes in cancer-cell shape and growth. This is biological research within a radar-related frequency range, although it used a broad sweep rather than a car radar signal.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-043/"}, {"id": "WEB-044", "author": "Komoshvili et al.", "full_authors": "Konstantin Komoshvili; Katya Israel; Jacob Levitan; Asher Yahalom; Ayan Barbora; Stella Liberman-Aronov", "year": "2020", "title": "W-Band Millimeter Waves Targeted Mortality of H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cells without Affecting Non-Tumorigenic MCF-10A Human Epithelial Cells In Vitro", "journal": "Applied Sciences", "citation": "Konstantin Komoshvili; Katya Israel; Jacob Levitan; Asher Yahalom; Ayan Barbora; Stella Liberman-Aronov. W-Band Millimeter Waves Targeted Mortality of H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cells without Affecting Non-Tumorigenic MCF-10A Human Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Applied Sciences. 2020. doi:10.3390/app10144813.", "doi": "10.3390/app10144813", "pmid": "", "topic": "W-band cellular responses; Automotive-radar frequency research; Cell morphology and senescence", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "75–105 GHz sweep; 0.2 mW/cm²; H1299 exposures 2, 4 or 10 min; non-tumour comparator tested up to 16 min.", "design": "H1299 lung-cancer versus non-tumorigenic MCF-10A epithelial cells; viability, senescence and microscopy over 14 days.", "finding": "Mortality and senescence increased in H1299 cells; 10 min exposure was followed by complete population death within two days. MCF-10A cells were unaffected under tested conditions.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Therapeutic cancer-cell study, not evidence that radar exposure injures normal tissue. Swept source and medium-dependent dosimetry differ from a deployed car radar.", "related": "Companion to the same group’s 2020 morphology paper; overlapping programme, not independent replication. Related publication records: WEB-043.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Ariel Applied Cancer Research Grant; Eva and Henry Frankel Foundation, Denmark (spelling as in this paper).", "conflicts": "Authors report no competing interests/conflicts; declaration checked, not independently audited.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144813", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144813 | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/14/4813", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-17", "technology_tracks": "radar|millimetre", "technology_connection": "Broad 75–105 GHz cellular sweep overlapping automotive-radar frequencies; not a deployed automotive FMCW waveform or exposure scenario.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "75–105 GHz: cell death and susceptibility in a cancer-cell comparison", "why_this_matters": "Different cell types need not respond alike. This study followed the earlier morphology work with measurements of cell death and senescence, including a non-tumour cell comparator. That comparison is central to what the findings can—and cannot—tell us about biological susceptibility.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-044/"}, {"id": "WEB-045", "author": "Parker et al.", "full_authors": "J E Parker; J W Butterworth; R A Rodriguez; C J Kowalczewski; R J Christy; W B Voorhees; J A Payne; J N Whitmore", "year": "2024", "title": "Thermal damage to the skin from 8.2 and 95 GHz microwave exposures in swine", "journal": "Biomedical physics & engineering express", "citation": "J E Parker; J W Butterworth; R A Rodriguez; C J Kowalczewski; R J Christy; W B Voorhees; J A Payne; J N Whitmore. Thermal damage to the skin from 8.2 and 95 GHz microwave exposures in swine. Biomedical physics & engineering express. 2024. doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ad488e.", "doi": "10.1088/2057-1976/ad488e", "pmid": "38718784", "topic": "Skin injury and inflammation; Millimetre-wave thermal thresholds", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Five-second exposures: 8.2 GHz at 4–30 W/cm² and 95 GHz at 2–15 W/cm².", "design": "Swine skin; graded burns, biopsies at 1–168 h and assessment of 20 histological factors; thermal modelling.", "finding": "Superficial, partial- and full-thickness burn thresholds differed between frequencies, consistent with different penetration depths.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; deliberate high-power overexposure. The 95 GHz arm is adjacent-frequency radar/scanner context, not a 77 GHz car-radar or passenger-scanner experiment.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic identity reviewed; full methods, dosimetry and statistics not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ad488e", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ad488e | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38718784/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-18", "technology_tracks": "millimetre", "technology_connection": "Frequency-specific laboratory biology; experimental intensity, heating and biological model determine interpretation.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "95 GHz: burn severity and exposure depth in skin", "why_this_matters": "Strong radiofrequency exposure can injure tissue, and frequency changes where energy is deposited. These experiments measured burn severity and followed the tissue over time. They supply injury-threshold data, with exposure levels that must remain conspicuous beside the results.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-045/"}, {"id": "WEB-046", "author": "Verma et al.", "full_authors": "Saurabh Verma; Gaurav K Keshri; Santanu Karmakar; Kumar Vyonkesh Mani; Satish Chauhan; Anju Yadav; Manish Sharma; Asheesh Gupta", "year": "2021", "title": "Effects of Microwave 10 GHz Radiation Exposure in the Skin of Rats: An Insight on Molecular Responses", "journal": "Radiation research", "citation": "Saurabh Verma; Gaurav K Keshri; Santanu Karmakar; Kumar Vyonkesh Mani; Satish Chauhan; Anju Yadav; Manish Sharma; Asheesh Gupta. Effects of Microwave 10 GHz Radiation Exposure in the Skin of Rats: An Insight on Molecular Responses. Radiation research. 2021. doi:10.1667/rade-20-00155.1.", "doi": "10.1667/rade-20-00155.1", "pmid": "34407201", "topic": "Satellite-adjacent microwave research; Skin injury and inflammation; Oxidative responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "10 GHz continuous wave, 5.23 or 10.01 mW/cm²; 3 h/day for 30 days.", "design": "Rats with sham comparison; thermography, oxidative/inflammatory markers, metabolic enzymes and histology.", "finding": "The 10 mW/cm² group showed oxidative, inflammatory and metabolic changes and mild histological alterations; skin temperature rose about 1.8°C. Caspase-3 did not show apoptosis.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only. Heating accompanied the findings. 10 GHz is adjacent to, not an exact match for, the 10.7–12.7 GHz satellite downlink range; no network exposure was tested.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic identity reviewed; full methods, dosimetry and statistics not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1667/rade-20-00155.1", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1667/rade-20-00155.1 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407201/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-19", "technology_tracks": "satellite", "technology_connection": "10 GHz is adjacent to, rather than within, the 10.7–12.7 GHz satellite downlink range. Continuous-wave laboratory skin exposure, not a network experiment.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "10 GHz: repeated exposure and stress responses in rat skin", "why_this_matters": "Repeated exposure allows researchers to look beyond an immediate reaction. This rat study found skin stress and inflammatory changes after a month of exposure, together with measurable warming. It extends the microwave skin literature without establishing an effect specific to satellite signals.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-046/"}, {"id": "WEB-047", "author": "De Borre et al.", "full_authors": "Eline De Borre; Charles De Massia; Matthieu N Boone; Pie Müller; Arno Thielens", "year": "2025", "title": "Exposure to 5G-NR electromagnetic fields affects larval development of Aedes aegypti mosquito", "journal": "Scientific reports", "citation": "Eline De Borre; Charles De Massia; Matthieu N Boone; Pie Müller; Arno Thielens. Exposure to 5G-NR electromagnetic fields affects larval development of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Scientific reports. 2025. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-32816-y.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32816-y", "pmid": "41449204", "topic": "Insect development; Nutritional susceptibility; Contemporary wireless ecology", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.6 GHz continuous wave for 5 days; 46.2 or 182.6 V/m. Reported representative absorbed power 1.2 or 18.7 µW; dose varied with larval size and position.", "design": "Aedes aegypti larvae; two feeding regimes, sham controls, chamber characterisation and anatomical dosimetry; 3360 larvae across experiments.", "finding": "Development slowed at the lower exposure, particularly with poorer nutrition; stronger exposure caused dielectric heating and altered development timing/adult size.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Despite the title’s 5G-NR wording, methods used continuous wave. Insect dose metrics cannot be compared directly with human local-SAR limits. Diet, water temperature and developmental stage affect interpretation.", "related": "Ghent insect-dosimetry programme; not a study of satellite exposure.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.", "conflicts": "Authors report no competing interests/conflicts; declaration checked, not independently audited.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32816-y", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32816-y | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41449204/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12828023/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-20", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Wildlife", "browse_categories": "environment", "heading": "3.6 GHz: mosquito development and nutritional susceptibility", "why_this_matters": "Wildlife exposure questions need experiments that measure both the field and the organism’s response. This study did that for mosquito larvae, including larvae on a poorer diet. It found development changes whose interpretation depended on exposure intensity and heating.", "categories": ["environment"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-047/"}, {"id": "WEB-048", "author": "Hoshina", "full_authors": "Hiromichi Hoshina", "year": "2025", "title": "Order-disorder phase transition of cell membrane induced by THz irradiation", "journal": "Scientific reports", "citation": "Hiromichi Hoshina. Order-disorder phase transition of cell membrane induced by THz irradiation. Scientific reports. 2025. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99475-x.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-99475-x", "pmid": "40301493", "topic": "Sub-terahertz biological responses; Membrane fluidity; Temperature-dependent cellular susceptibility", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Continuous 100, 290 and 480 GHz; respective densities 89, 65 and 20 mW/cm²; temperature-calibrated fluorescence measurements.", "design": "Living HeLa cells; fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and Laurdan imaging; unexposed temperature comparisons.", "finding": "Membrane diffusion increased under 100/290 GHz exposure below 36°C; fluorescence shifts supported altered lipid ordering. 480 GHz showed no significant diffusion change.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Measured heating of approximately 2.3–3.0°C required calibration. Response was temperature-dependent; no clinical injury demonstrated. 480 GHz is outside the 90–300 GHz research track.", "related": "Separate Japanese membrane-physics group; a frequency-specific experiment, not a test of a final 6G system.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Reported funder(s): http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Grant identifiers: 22K18992.", "conflicts": "See original disclosure; no independently verified conflict assessment.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99475-x", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99475-x | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40301493/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12041452/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-21", "technology_tracks": "6g", "technology_connection": "Higher-frequency laboratory biology relevant to investigating proposed future bands; not a test of a final 6G standard. This paper also retains a 480 GHz comparison outside the 90–300 GHz track.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "100 and 290 GHz: changes in cell-membrane fluidity", "why_this_matters": "A membrane’s physical state affects how it works. This recent experiment measured that state during exposure and compared results at calibrated temperatures. It gives higher-frequency research a concrete cellular endpoint, while leaving the health significance and relevance of the experimental temperatures unresolved.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-048/"}, {"id": "WEB-049", "author": "Lei et al.", "full_authors": "Mengyao Lei; Tingrong Zhang; Xiaoyun Lu; Xiaofei Zhao; Hongguang Wang; Jiangang Long; Zhuoyang Lu", "year": "2024", "title": "Membrane-mediated modulation of mitochondrial physiology by terahertz waves", "journal": "Biomedical optics express", "citation": "Mengyao Lei; Tingrong Zhang; Xiaoyun Lu; Xiaofei Zhao; Hongguang Wang; Jiangang Long; Zhuoyang Lu. Membrane-mediated modulation of mitochondrial physiology by terahertz waves. Biomedical optics express. 2024. doi:10.1364/boe.528706.", "doi": "10.1364/boe.528706", "pmid": "39022554", "topic": "Sub-terahertz biological responses; Mitochondrial membrane responses; Cellular respiration", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "Continuous 100 GHz (0.1 THz), approximately 33 mW/cm² for 30 min; cells at about 20°C, isolated mitochondria in an ice bath.", "design": "SH-SY5Y human neuroblast-like cells and isolated mitochondria; microscopy, enzyme assays, respirometry and lipid simulations.", "finding": "Mitochondrial ultrastructure and supercomplex organisation changed. Basal/ATP-linked respiration declined; individual respiratory-complex activities increased. Maximal/reserve respiratory capacity was unchanged.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Cultured cancer-derived cells and isolated organelles, outside physiological-temperature conditions. Infrared thermometry and heat-shock markers do not exclude every local thermal contribution. No organism-level disease or 6G exposure was tested.", "related": " Related publication records: WEB-050.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.", "conflicts": "See original disclosure; no independently verified conflict assessment.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.528706", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.528706 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39022554/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11249691/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-22", "technology_tracks": "6g", "technology_connection": "Higher-frequency laboratory biology relevant to investigating proposed future bands; not a test of a final 6G standard.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells|brain", "heading": "100 GHz: mitochondrial membranes and cellular respiration", "why_this_matters": "Mitochondria supply energy for much of a cell’s work. This study examined their membranes and function together, reporting structural changes and reduced components of respiration after exposure. It is a useful mechanistic finding to investigate beyond a simple live-or-dead cell count.", "categories": ["cells", "brain"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-049/"}, {"id": "WEB-050", "author": "Sun et al.", "full_authors": "Liu Sun; Wenxia Wang; Shuocheng She; Lei Wang; Jinwu Zhao; Pandeng Hou; Mingxia He", "year": "2026", "title": "Terahertz Waves Trigger Apoptosis in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Apoptosis-Inducing Factor Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway", "journal": "Cells", "citation": "Liu Sun; Wenxia Wang; Shuocheng She; Lei Wang; Jinwu Zhao; Pandeng Hou; Mingxia He. Terahertz Waves Trigger Apoptosis in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Apoptosis-Inducing Factor Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway. Cells. 2026. doi:10.3390/cells15090810.", "doi": "10.3390/cells15090810", "pmid": "42121913", "topic": "Sub-terahertz biological responses; Mitochondrial membrane responses; Cell-type susceptibility", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "100 GHz source; reported output 88 mW, beam diameter 1.5 cm; key assays after 2 h. Output power is not a calibrated cellular absorbed dose.", "design": "Mouse SCC-7 squamous carcinoma versus L-929 fibroblasts; viability, microscopy, ROS, calcium, mitochondrial and apoptosis assays.", "finding": "SCC-7 cells showed mitochondrial dysfunction, increased ROS/calcium and apoptosis-related changes. L-929 cells did not show comparable changes.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Cancer-therapy mechanism study, not normal-tissue hazard. Abstract inconsistently describes caspase dependence; results report unchanged caspase-3 activity and discuss an AIF-associated alternative pathway. Temperature/dose reporting limits causal interpretation.", "related": " Related publication records: WEB-049.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.", "conflicts": "See original disclosure; no independently verified conflict assessment.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15090810", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15090810 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42121913/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13163063/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-23", "technology_tracks": "6g", "technology_connection": "Higher-frequency laboratory biology relevant to investigating proposed future bands; not a test of a final 6G standard.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "cells|cancer", "heading": "100 GHz: mitochondrial injury in a cancer-cell model", "why_this_matters": "Understanding which cells respond, and which do not, is essential when investigating a biological effect. These experiments linked cancer-cell injury to membrane and mitochondrial changes, while the fibroblast comparator remained largely unchanged. The selective response is part of the finding, not a detail to leave out.", "categories": ["cells", "cancer"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-050/"}, {"id": "WEB-051", "author": "Gelenli Dolanbay et al.", "full_authors": "Elif Gelenli Dolanbay; Fazile Canturk Tan; Hava Bektas; Sumeyye Koc; Salih Varol; Omer Kilic; Unal Uslu; Suleyman Dasdag", "year": "2026", "title": "Prenatal 3.5 GHz radiofrequency exposure induces renal histological changes and DNA damage in 6-month-old rats", "journal": "Histochemistry and cell biology", "citation": "Elif Gelenli Dolanbay; Fazile Canturk Tan; Hava Bektas; Sumeyye Koc; Salih Varol; Omer Kilic; Unal Uslu; Suleyman Dasdag. Prenatal 3.5 GHz radiofrequency exposure induces renal histological changes and DNA damage in 6-month-old rats. Histochemistry and cell biology. 2026. doi:10.1007/s00418-026-02504-7.", "doi": "10.1007/s00418-026-02504-7", "pmid": "42423814", "topic": "Developmental susceptibility; Renal tissue responses; Prenatal exposure follow-up", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz, 2 h/day during all or the final two weeks of gestation; uterine peak spatial SAR 0.06622 W/kg (1 g), 0.03825 W/kg (10 g).", "design": "Twenty-four dams, eight/group; one male offspring/litter at six months; blinded histology, immunostaining and comet assay.", "finding": "Exposed offspring showed renal structural changes, increased Beclin-1/LC3 staining and greater DNA fragmentation, strongest after whole-gestation exposure.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Small animal experiment; prenatal dosimetry and thermal conditions limit extrapolation. Autophagy-marker expression does not establish autophagic flux. Relationship to the earlier reproductive cohort is not established.", "related": "Istanbul Medeniyet/Van programme with RF-044; shared authors/exposure approach, not established independent replication.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Reported funder(s): Istanbul Medeniyet University.", "conflicts": "See original disclosure; no independently verified conflict assessment.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-026-02504-7", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-026-02504-7 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42423814/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13350153/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-24", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "Prenatal 3.5 GHz exposure: kidney findings six months later", "why_this_matters": "A developmental exposure may need follow-up long after it ends. This experiment examined offspring kidneys six months after prenatal exposure, with one offspring selected from each litter. The reported tissue and DNA findings extend the questions raised by the programme’s earlier reproductive work.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-051/"}, {"id": "WEB-052", "author": "Bektas et al.", "full_authors": "Hava Bektas; Ayse Seker; Ramazan Ustun; Semih Dogu", "year": "2026", "title": "Neurotoxic effects of 3.5 GHz GSM-like RF exposure on cultured DRG neurons: a mechanistic insight into oxidative and apoptotic pathways", "journal": "International journal of radiation biology", "citation": "Hava Bektas; Ayse Seker; Ramazan Ustun; Semih Dogu. Neurotoxic effects of 3.5 GHz GSM-like RF exposure on cultured DRG neurons: a mechanistic insight into oxidative and apoptotic pathways. International journal of radiation biology. 2026. doi:10.1080/09553002.2026.2617592.", "doi": "10.1080/09553002.2026.2617592", "pmid": "41562640", "topic": "Sensory-neuron excitability; Neuronal oxidative and apoptotic responses; 3.5 GHz cellular experiments", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz GSM-like pulses, 217 Hz, approximately 12.5% duty; 1–24 h. Abstract reports 37°C with <0.1°C between-group difference; numerical SAR not supplied.", "design": "Primary mouse dorsal-root-ganglion cultures in a GTEM setup; blinded imaging of viability, ROS and apoptotic markers.", "finding": "Viability decreased and ROS, Bax, caspase-3 and cytochrome-c responses increased, especially at 12–24 h; Bcl-2 decreased.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only; complete dose and methods unverified. GSM-like modulation is explicitly not 5G NR. No human clinical or hypersensitivity mechanism is established.", "related": "Bektas sensory-neuron programme; author overlap alone does not establish independent replication.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic identity reviewed; full methods, dosimetry and statistics not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2026.2617592", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2026.2617592 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41562640/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-25", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "brain|cells", "heading": "3.5 GHz: oxidative and apoptotic responses in sensory neurons", "why_this_matters": "Peripheral sensory neurons carry information from the body to the nervous system. This study reports that prolonged exposure affected their survival and mitochondrial-apoptotic signalling. It is relevant to investigating neuronal susceptibility, but cannot by itself explain a person’s symptoms.", "categories": ["brain", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-052/"}, {"id": "WEB-053", "author": "Pachhapure et al.", "full_authors": "Shailashree Pachhapure; Amila Mufida; Qun Wei; Jong-Soon Choi; Byeong-Churl Jang", "year": "2025", "title": "Mitigation of 3.5 GHz Electromagnetic Field-Induced BV2 Microglial Cytotoxicity by Polydeoxyribonucleotide", "journal": "Current issues in molecular biology", "citation": "Shailashree Pachhapure; Amila Mufida; Qun Wei; Jong-Soon Choi; Byeong-Churl Jang. Mitigation of 3.5 GHz Electromagnetic Field-Induced BV2 Microglial Cytotoxicity by Polydeoxyribonucleotide. Current issues in molecular biology. 2025. doi:10.3390/cimb47060386.", "doi": "10.3390/cimb47060386", "pmid": "40699785", "topic": "Microglial responses; Neuronal oxidative and apoptotic responses; 3.5 GHz cellular experiments", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz; generator setting 19 dBm; 2 h key mechanistic exposures, also 24 h. Chamber 37°C/50% RH; plates exposed with lids open.", "design": "BV2 mouse microglial cells; sham controls, ROS/apoptosis assays and pathway-inhibitor/intervention comparisons.", "finding": "Exposure reduced cell growth and increased DNA fragmentation, ROS and apoptosis-related signalling; PDRN attenuated several responses.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Generator setting is not sample SAR or incident density. No adequate absorbed-dose estimate or cell-level thermal trace was established from the source. Small mechanistic experiments; no treatment recommendation or everyday-exposure claim.", "related": "", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Reported funder(s): Korea Basic Science Institute. Grant identifiers: A439100.", "conflicts": "See original disclosure; no independently verified conflict assessment.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47060386", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47060386 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40699785/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12192555/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-26", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "brain|cells", "heading": "3.5 GHz: microglial stress responses with incomplete dose reporting", "why_this_matters": "Microglia help maintain the brain’s cellular environment. This study reported oxidative and apoptotic responses after exposure, then tested a possible protective intervention. The observations are worth locating, although incomplete absorbed-dose reporting prevents a confident comparison with environmental exposure.", "categories": ["brain", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-053/"}, {"id": "WEB-054", "author": "Bektas et al.", "full_authors": "Hava Bektas; Burcu Buse Bese Akgun; Serife Cakir; Semih Dogu; Bedia Ahnas", "year": "2025", "title": "Protective effects of quercetin against 3.5 GHz RF radiation-induced thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats", "journal": "Electromagnetic biology and medicine", "citation": "Hava Bektas; Burcu Buse Bese Akgun; Serife Cakir; Semih Dogu; Bedia Ahnas. Protective effects of quercetin against 3.5 GHz RF radiation-induced thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats. Electromagnetic biology and medicine. 2025. doi:10.1080/15368378.2025.2528732.", "doi": "10.1080/15368378.2025.2528732", "pmid": "40625224", "topic": "Endocrine and thyroid responses; Oxidative responses; 3.5 GHz physiological responses", "verification_group": "Original abstract reviewed", "record_role": "Original abstract reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz, reported transmitter power 2 W; 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 30 days; simulated thyroid average SAR 1.128 W/kg.", "design": "Twenty-eight male Wistar rats; sham, RF, quercetin and combined groups; thyroid oxidative markers and serum hormones.", "finding": "RF exposure reduced T3/T4, increased TSH and shifted oxidative markers. Quercetin-associated reversals were not consistently statistically significant.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "Original abstract only. Full waveform, thermometry, blinding and statistical methods not audited. Rodent biochemical findings do not establish human thyroid disease or justify supplement advice.", "related": "Bektas/Van programme; separate reported experiment from the prenatal and DRG studies.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original abstract and bibliographic identity reviewed; full methods, dosimetry and statistics not audited.", "locator": "Original abstract", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "conflicts": "Not established from the retrieved original abstract.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2025.2528732", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2025.2528732 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40625224/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-27", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Animals", "browse_categories": "cells", "heading": "3.5 GHz: thyroid hormones and oxidative markers in rats", "why_this_matters": "Endocrine effects can matter even when an exposure study is framed around a possible protective compound. The exposure-only comparison here reported thyroid hormone and oxidative changes. Those findings can be examined separately from the uncertain benefit of the proposed intervention.", "categories": ["cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-054/"}, {"id": "WEB-055", "author": "Canovi et al.", "full_authors": "Anne Canovi; Rosa Orlacchio; Florence Poulletier de Gannes; Philippe Lévêque; Delia Arnaud-Cormos; Isabelle Lagroye; André Garenne; Yann Percherancier; Noëlle Lewis", "year": "2023", "title": "In vitro exposure of neuronal networks to the 5G-3.5 GHz signal", "journal": "Frontiers in public health", "citation": "Anne Canovi; Rosa Orlacchio; Florence Poulletier de Gannes; Philippe Lévêque; Delia Arnaud-Cormos; Isabelle Lagroye; André Garenne; Yann Percherancier; Noëlle Lewis. In vitro exposure of neuronal networks to the 5G-3.5 GHz signal. Frontiers in public health. 2023. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1231360.", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2023.1231360", "pmid": "37608978", "topic": "3.5 GHz cellular experiments; Neuronal network activity; 5G-modulated signals", "verification_group": "Original text reviewed", "record_role": "Original text reviewed", "featured": "False", "exposure": "3.5 GHz continuous wave or actual 5G NR-modulated signal; 15 min at SAR 1, 3 or 28 W/kg; temperature rise below 1°C at the highest level.", "design": "Primary cortical-neuron networks; multi-electrode recordings, sham controls, direct heating and 1.8 GHz comparisons.", "finding": "At 28 W/kg, bursting/firing rates fell roughly 35–43% during exposure and recovered afterwards. No conclusive effect at 1/3 W/kg. Direct heating also inhibited activity.", "statistics": "See the original results; effect sizes were not independently recalculated.", "boundary": "High-SAR effect, with thermal contributions unresolved. Reversible cultured-neuron inhibition is not neuronal death or demonstrated harm from ordinary 5G use.", "related": "Bordeaux/Limoges programme; 2025 co-exposure follow-up DOI 10.1002/bem.70026 found no marked network effect at 1/4 W/kg.", "protection_question": "Which exposure conditions reproduce this finding, and what would establish its relevance beyond the experimental model?", "access": "Original methods/results and interpretation reviewed; raw data and supplements were not independently audited.", "locator": "Original methods and results", "notice": "Linked Europe PMC/PubMed notice fields checked 21 October 2026; no correction/retraction surfaced for this record. Publisher/citation screening is not exhaustive.", "funding": "See original disclosure; funding details were not established in this check.", "conflicts": "A disclosure statement is present in the original article; consult it for the declared relationships.", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1231360", "retrieval_links": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1231360 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37608978/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10441122/", "verification_date": "2026-10-21", "discovery_id": "TARGETED-20261021-28", "technology_tracks": "5g", "technology_connection": "Relevant carrier-frequency research; the record distinguishes actual 5G modulation from other laboratory waveforms.", "publication_type": "Original journal research", "study_setting": "Cells / isolated tissue", "browse_categories": "brain|cells", "heading": "3.5 GHz: reversible suppression of neuronal firing at high SAR", "why_this_matters": "Recording during exposure can reveal a temporary response that disappears afterwards. This experiment found such inhibition in neuronal cultures at its highest exposure level. Its lower-dose results and heating comparison help define the conditions under which that finding belongs in the discussion.", "categories": ["brain", "cells"], "url": "https://emf.resonancesciences.uk/studies/web-055/"}]